Cladistics and Origin of Life
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| Phylogeny: | Hypothesis of evolutionary history of a group
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| Taxanomy: | Classifying and naming organisms
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| What is the relationship between taxanomy and phylogeny? | Taxonomy should reflect phylogeny
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| Cladistics: | Uses homologies to group organisms
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| Analogies: | Not present in common ancestor
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| Clade: | Includes ancestor and all descendants
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| Derived vs ancestral | Depending on whether it is present in most of them
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| Phylogram: | Shows evolutionary relationships and timing (that is determined by dating)
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| What are some ways fossils are dated? | Radiometric dating
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| What is radiating decays? | Uses radioactive isotipes to determine fossil age.
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| How do you know when 1/2 life has passed? | Parent # = daughter #
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| Isotopes? | Different number of neutrons
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| Oparin-Haldane Model: (first step) | 1)abiotic synthesis of organic molecules,
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| Abiotic: | non living
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| Second or OHM (Define Polymer) | Polymerization of these molecules
Polymer is a chain of subunits
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| third of OHM | Origin of self-replicaing particles
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| 4 OHM (Define protobionts) | Arrangement into protobionts, first living models, surrounded by membrane
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| Miller-Urey Experiment: | Apparatus modeled ocean, atmospheric gasses and lightning (found small organic molecules)
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| What is against the Miller_Urey study? | May have originated in ocean vents, hydrolysis could have been breaking bonds (Abiotic catlalyst aid polymerization, such as metal ions found in clay)
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| tell me about original genetic material | RNA is less complex, may have been the start of genetic material.
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| Why DNA over RNA now? | More stable, more likely maintained
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| Probionts | spontanous formation of molecules, have many properties of life (think of phospholipids): Properties include splitting or dividing (not copy DNA, reproduction), Maintains different internal environment and extermnal envirnoment, adds lipids or groups).
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| Convergent Evolution | Similarites arise to adaptions to simlar ancestor
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| Outgroup | Outside the clade
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| Homology: (How many types exist) | Sameness due to a common ancestor (2 types, derived and acestral)
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| Define Shared ancestral character | Similarites present in most of all clades
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| Shared derived character | New traites shared my some clades but not all
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| Half life: | Half the radiating decays or is lost, parent atoms converted to daughter atoms
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| Ribozymes: | RNA catalysts, makes copies of short pieces of RNA when provided with nucleotide building blocks, some can romve segements of themselves
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| Liposomes: | A spherical particle in a watery medium formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment
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