World Religions 2860
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| Religion | relationship between humans and the divine
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| Teological | beginning and end
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| Ethnocentric | you cannot convert into it
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| Non proselytize | not actively trying to convert
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| Non transcendental afterlife | no promise of an after life with a higher form of existence
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| Cosmogenic myth | creation myth
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| Shamanism | people who work with magic and intercede with the spiritual world for something
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| Divination | determining events
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| Belief in Mana | “innate power in things”
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| Animism | belief that inanimate & animate objects have a spirit connected with it.
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| Taboo | a “bad” cultural act
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| Totemism | connection between certain animals and a tribe or individual.
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| Catal Huyuk | 7000BCE, oldest Neolithic settlement
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| Tengri and Etugen | Ski and Earth gods
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| Anu of Uruk | Sky god
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| Enlil or Bel of Nippur | wind and flood god
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| Nanna or Sin of Ur | Moon god
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| Utu or Shamash of Larsa and Sippar | Sun
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| Enki or Ea of Eridu | water and wisdom
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| Ninhursag or Aruru | Mother goddess
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| Ishtar | love and fertility. Universal goddess.
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| Osiris | Good.
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| Horus | son of Osiris “Sun god.”
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| Isis | Osiris’ wife. Mother of Horus.
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| Seth | evil, kills Osiris
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| Scales of Truth | weight of heart verses feathers.
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| Dyaus Pitar | “Zeus” Significant of Indo-European spread
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| Zeus | offspring of Kronos (time)
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| Poseidon | god of the sea
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| Hades | god of the underworld
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| Hera | wife of Zeus; goddess of women and marriage
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| Athena | goddess of civilization, wisdom, strength, craft, skill and justice
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| Ares | god of warfare, bloodlust
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| Demeter | goddess over grains, fertility of the Earth and harvest
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| Hestia | virgin goddess of the hearth
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| Hermes | messenger god and guide to the underworld
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| Apollo | god of light and sun, truth and prophecy, archery.
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| Aphrodite | goddess of love, beauty and sexuality.
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| Homer | Wrote the Iliad, ca 800BCE
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| Moira | fate, something destined to each individual
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| Hesiod | wrote origin (theogony) and genealogy of Gods
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| Xenophanes | (philosopher) divine, creative power. Gods were omniscient.
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| Socrates | critical of gods and myths.
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| Plato | student of Socrates, everything embodied the good. Human beings are a soul in a body seeking higher forms.
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| Aristotle | early ideas of gravity and force.
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| Oracles | woman who communicate with Gods
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| Delphi | oracle responsible for war
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| Humina | spirits
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| Mithra | Aranian, Indo-European god of war born on December 25th to a virgin mother.
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| Druids | priests.
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| Odin, Woden | father God and God of war. Very wise. Earth god.
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| Thor or Donar | Thunder god, sky god. Symbol was hammer.
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| Tyr, Tiw, Tiwaz | war god, the god of justice. One armed god.
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| Frigga | Earth goddess, odins consort
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| Valhalla | great hall where souls of great warriors live. Odin waits with army of Valkyries
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| Hel | ruler of Hel
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| Wignts | burial chambers
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| Gotterdammerung or Ragnarok | showdown where everyone dies and earth destroyed.
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| Jotunheim | realm of giants.
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| Axial age | 500BCE to 400BCE. Change in attitudes, consciousness about religion.
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| Hinduism | 19th century British term to define religion and people of India.
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| Law of Karma | cause and effect
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| Reincarnation | life after death.
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| Vedas | religious hymns. Sacred knowledge
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| Rajah | chief king
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| Indra | God of battle and lightning
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| Dasas | conquered indigenous population
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| Samhitas | sacred writings
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| Shruti | “that which is heard” or sacred core
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| Rig Veda | Veda of stanzas of praise. Gods are everywhere.
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| Devas | shining ones (devil)
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| Worship area | bare, open pit. Garhapatya, ahavaniya, dakshina
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| Soma | sacred drink (and god)
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| Brahmin | presents the Brahman prayer.
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| Purusha | cosmic man. God’s sacrifice.
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| Caste system | varnas
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| Prithivia Mater | Gaea. Mother earth.
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| Henotheism | no single god is paramount. None are all –powerful.
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| Indra | ruler of sky, controls storms/ monsoons. God of war.
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| Vajra | Thunderbolts
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| Rudra/ Shiva | the destroyer and the reviver.
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| Ushas | dawn. Female goddess.
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| Yama | first man to die, god of the dead
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| Varuna | god of the high, arch sky. Concerned with morality of the men.
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| Liturgical deities | gods involved in the ritual/ worship.
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| Agni | god of alter fire
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| Brihaspati | able to move gods and compel to grant powers
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| Yajur veda | prose, dedication, prayers, litanies
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| Sama veda | chants soma sacrifice
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| Atharva Veda | charms and spells. Beginnings of anatomically correct medicine
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| Varna | color
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| Kshatriays or Rajanyas | warriors
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| Vaisayas | commoners
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| Shudras | servants
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| Brahmanas | holy power of Brahman gives power to Brahmin.
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| Asvamedha | most lengthy and largest sacrificial ceremony. War offering.
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| Agnihotra | indoor offerings, at home. Ancestral offerings.
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| Brahma | creator of the universe, move to monotheism.
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| Upanishads | “sitting near” addendums to Vedas. Shruti.
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| Asceticism | activity of the mind and spirit. Seclusion, meditation, contemplation
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| Tapas | heat
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| Atman | inner self
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| Prakriti | here and now – outside world. Ignoring Atman leads to ignorance to suffering.
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| Monism | merging of dualities. Merging the mundane and the spiritual.
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| Moksha | release from being trapped in material world.
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| Brahman | immortal, existing as the lord, intelligent, omnipresent, the guardian of the world. “is he who constantly rules the world…”
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| Hiranyagarbha | golden egg.
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| Saguna Brahman | Manifest Brahman. Immediate, more approachable.
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| Birguna Brahman | unmanifest Brahman (neti neti). Ultimate.
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| Outcastes | not in castes, don’t fit in.
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| Jati | subgroups created over time
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| Law of Karma | how castes plays into religion. The more good in life, higher up you go.
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| Karma | determines ones future and why things are happening now.
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| Samsara | cycle of birth/ death
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| Kelpa | end and annihilation then return again. Cosmic cycle.
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| Dharma | sacred law.
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| Upanayana | sacred cord to mark caste
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| Kama | god of pleasure.
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| Artha | acquire “stuff” and power
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| Dharmasutra | books of law. How to unburden selves of the household.
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| Nirvana | the end of ignorance and claim to the world.
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| Sannyasin | homeless wanderer. Give up all; name and status.
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| Karma marga | the way of works.
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| Code of Manu | observe and participate in ones own caste
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| Sati | sacrifices self in husbands funeral. Cremation.
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| The jhana marga | the way of knowledge, based on Upanishads.
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| Bhakti marga | the way of devotion.
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| Bhagavad gita | song of lord, epic song.
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| Arjuna | warrior who faces dilemma before battle.
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| Trimurti | triad of gods
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| Vishnu | the preserver, preserving morals. Has 10 avatars (matsya the fish , kurma the tortois, varaha the boar, narisimha the man lion, vamana the dwarf, parasurama). Sits on the world serpent, lord of the world. (Shesh or Ananta, Garuda, Shakti)
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| Shiva the destroyer | “great god.” God of medicine, healing. Reproduction. (Mahadeva, lingham and yoni, ganesha, parvati, Nandi, Kali, feminine side).
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| Avatars | other forms of the gods.
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| Gurus | teacher, most highly honored Brahmin.
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| Ram mohan roy | focused on unity. Denounced polytheism.
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| Arya samaj | trying to establish universal religion.
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| Ramakrisha movement | incorporates western religions into Hinduism.
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| Mahatma Gandhi | pivotal in changing caste society.
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| Dharma | cosmic law or Dhamma. teachings of Buddha
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| Sasana | the teachings or laws
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| Sidhartha Gautama | Buddha. Known as Shakyamuni or Sakya muni
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| Bodi enlightenment | ones actions are motivated by desires, desires are attached to the world.
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| Mara | evil one tests Buddha three times.
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| Buddha | enlightened one
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| Dukkha | truth of suffering. Suffering comes from desire.
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| Samudaya | truth of arising of suffering
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| Nirodha | cessation of suffering
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| Magga | truth of the path
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| Dharmachakra | spokes on the wheel of life and enlightenment.
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| Tathagata | truth finder
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| Arahat | saint
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| Sangha | order or community
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| Anicca | impermanence
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| Anatta | ultimate unreality of the atman
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| Dukka | suffering comes from inebulous mind.
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| Nirvana | better existence than physical now
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| Vinaya sutra | voice of Buddha
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| Abhidamma | addendums
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| Swarga | heaven or paradise
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| Ashoka | son of Chandragupta. Was harsh and warlike but then sees change, converts to Buddhism.
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| Rajagana | saints, arahats meet to write holy books
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| Dyana | knowledge
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| Prajna | highest wisdom
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| Bodhi | enlightenment
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| Boddhisatva | denies nirvana to stay on earth and teach others
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| Maitreya | messiah
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| Jataka | holy texts
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| Avalokita | the lord who looks down from above
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| Kshitagaran | heaven for those who have repented
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| Dyani Buddhas | tathagatas. contemplative buddahs. Always dressed as monks.
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| Varocana | solar Buddha
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| Amatersasu | Japanese sun goddess
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| Amitabha | deals with future bliss.
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| Tantric Buddhism | book learning is not the most affective, learn from guru. Sex
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| Pure land school of thought | reach blissful heaven. Good works aren’t needed, just faith and humility.
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| Namu O Mituo Fo | All hail great Buddah
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| Chan & Zen | meditation, enlightenment
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| Tian Tal | rationalists. Seeks balance between mediation and text.
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| Nichiren | Japanese Buddhism.
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| Vajrayan | diamond or thunderbolt vehicle. Quickest path to enlightenment.
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| Lamas | monks in yellow hat sect. essentially boddhisatva.
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| Dalai Lama | oceanic priest.
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| Mahavira | great hero.
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| Ahimsa | non injury to all living things.
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| Jina | the conqueror
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| Salla Khana | voluntary self starvation.
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| Karma | matter that forms on the soul. Chief goal of Jainism is to get rid of Karma
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| Siddha | liberated from world, soul rises to highest part of the universe or isatpragbhara.
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| Isatpragbhara | highest point of the universe. Universe is shaped like a human body.
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| Shvetambaras | white clan, wear white robes. Woman can be members.
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| Digamaras | nude. No women.
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| Sthanakavasis | do not tolerate idols or symbols.
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| Nanak the guru | founder of Sikhism
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| Mardana | follower
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| Japoi | preamble
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| Maya | focus on god
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| Kesh | long hair
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| Kangha | comb
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| Kachh | breeches, shorts
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| Kara | steel bracelet
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| Kirpan | sword
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