Head and Neck Anatomy & Physiology
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| On which of the following bones is the pterygoid process, a landmark for the attachment of many muscles of mastication, located? A. Sphenoid B. Temporal C. Mandible D. Maxilla | A. The pterygoid process, having areas of attachment for both the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles of mastication, is located on the sphenoid bone.
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| Branches of the trigeminal nerve pass through foramina or fissures located in which of the following bones? A. Ethmoid B. Maxilla C. Sphenoid D. Temporal | C. Branches of the trigeminal nerve pass through foramina or fissures located solely in the sphenoid bone.
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| The temporal and occipital bones each have notches that together form the: A. External acoustic meatus B. Foramen rotundum C. Hypoglossal canal D. Jugular foramen | D. The occipital and temporal bones have jugular notches that join to form the jugular foramen. The other choices are bony openings located entirely on individual bones.
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| Which of the following sentences best describes the alveolar process of the maxilla? A. contains the infraorbital foramen B. The genial tubercles are located on it C. The mental foramen is present D. is easily remodeled due to its lack of density | D. The alveolar process is easily remodeled due to its lack of density, thus allowing for the movement of teeth and the success of orthodontic treatment.
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| Which of the following plates is perforated to allow the passage of the olfactory nerves for the sense of smell? A. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid B. Medial plate of the sphenoid C. Cribriform plate of the ethmoid D. Pterygoid plate of the sphen | The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is perforated, allowing for the passage of the olfactory nerves.
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| The maxillary tuberosity is perforated by many foramina. It is the landmark for the administration of local anesthetic agent for the lingual aspect of the max anteriors A. A All true A. B.All false C. 1st = true 2nd = false D. 1st = false 2nd = true | C. The first sentence is true; However, part of the second sentence is false; while it is an area to administer a local PSA block, this would anesthetize the buccal aspect of the posterior molars, not the anterior teeth.
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| Which of the following features is located on the lateral or external surface of the mandible? A. Genial tubercles B. Lingula C. Mandibular foramen D. Mental foramen | D. Although all of the landmarks are on the mandible, only the mental foramen is located on the lateral external surface of the mandible, near the apical foramina of the premolars.
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| In addition to articulating with each other, the section of maxillary bones that form the palate articulates with the: A. Ethmoid bone B. Nasal bones C. Palatine bones D. Sphenoid bone | C. The palatine bones articulate with each other as well as the posterior border of the max bones that form the hard palate. While all the other choices do articulate with the maxilla, they do not articulate with the palatal portion of maxillary bones.
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| The purpose of the nasal conchae is to: A. Hold fibers that perceive odors B. Provide drainage for the paranasal sinuses C. Increase the surface area of respiratory epi-thelium D. Increase the surface area of olfactory epi-thelium | C. The purpose of the nasal conchae is to increase the surface area of the respiratory epithelium.
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| What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle? A. To lift the sternum B. To tilt and rotate the head C. To shrug the shoulders D. To pull up the hyoid bone | B. The SCM muscle is a cervical muscle originating from the clavicle & sternum & inserting on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When the muscle contracts, it tilts or rotates the head bringing the insertion toward the points of origin.
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| Which of the following muscles make the client’s vestibule tight and shallow, thereby making it difficult to instrument the facial aspect of mandibular anterior teeth? A. Levator anguli oris B. Depressor labii inferioris C. Mentalis D. Zygomaticus ma | C. The mentalis muscle raises the chin and narrows the vestibule near the mandible incisors.
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| Which of the following is a muscle of mastication? A. Buccinator B. Temporalis C. Orbicularis oris D. Risorius | B. The temporalis muscle, although largely located in the temporal region, inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible causing the jaws to close during mastication.
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| Which of the following muscles insert into the lateral surface of the angle of the mandible? A. Lateral pterygoid B. Masseter C. Medial pterygoid D. Temporalis | B. All of the muscles mentioned insert on different aspects of the mandible, but only the masseter inserts on the lateral surface of the angle of the mandible.
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| 14. Which of the following muscles causes the jaw to protrude? A. Digastric B. Lateral pterygoid C. Masseter D. Medial pterygoid | B. When both the lateral pterygoid muscles contract, the jaw protrudes.
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| Which of the following statements re: the masseter is correct? A. Most superficial muscle of facial expression B.originates from the zygomatic arch C. It inserts on the medial surface of the mandible’s angle D. It depresses the mandible during contrac | B. The masseter muscle does originate on the zygomatic arch.
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| Which of the following paired suprahyoid muscles unite medially to form the floor of the mouth? A. Geniohyoid muscle B. Omohyoid muscle C. Digastric muscle D. Mylohyoid muscle | D. The mylohyoid muscle unites medially, forming the floor of the mouth.
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| The extrinsic muscles of the tongue are named for their: A. Action B. Innervation C. Insertion D. Origin | D. The extrinsic muscles of the tongue are named for their origin; they are the genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus muscles, and they all insert into the tongue.
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| The muscles responsible for motion of the tongue are innervated by the: A. Glossopharyngeal nerve B. Hypoglossal nerve C. Trigeminal nerve D. Vagus nerve | B. All muscles of the tongue are innervated by the twelfth cranial, or hypoglossal, nerve.
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| Which of the following muscles is largely contained in the infratemporal fossa? A. Lateral pterygoid B. Medial pterygoid C. Temporalis D. Zygomaticus major | A. The lateral pterygoid muscle runs horizontally and is located largely in the infratemporal fossa.
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| All the muscles of mastication are innervated by the: A. Facial nerve B. Hypoglossal nerve C. Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve D. Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve | C. The muscles of mastication are innervated by the mandibular division of the fifth cranial, or trigeminal, nerve.
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| Under which classification of basic tissues of the body does blood fall? A. Connective B. Epithelial C. Muscle D. Nerve | A. Blood is considered fluid connective tissue. Connective tissue includes bone, cartilage, and the connective tissue proper.
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| Concentrated study of which artery and its branches is important in the fields of dentistry and dental hygiene? A. External carotid B. Internal carotid C. Subclavian D. Radial | A. The external carotid artery supplies the tissues of the head and oral cavity; therefore, it is of great importance to the fields of dentistry and dental hygiene.
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| From which artery does the blood supply to the mandibular teeth originate? A. Facial B. Lingual C. Mandibular D. Maxillary | D. The maxillary artery, by way of the inferior alveolar artery, supplies the mandibular teeth with blood.
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| Where is the pterygoid plexus of veins located? A. Cavernous venous sinus B. Infratemporal fossa C. Pterygopalatine fossa D. Temporal fossa | B. The pterygoid plexus of veins is located in the infratemporal fossa.
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| Serious complications from facial or dental infections can occur due to: A. Limited anastomosis between vessels in the head B. Inability of the vessels in the head and neck to clot C. Large vessels in the head & neck D. Lack of valves in veins of the | D. The veins in the head have no valves to control the flow of blood, allowing dental infections to travel freely.
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| What type of gland is the parotid gland? A. Exocrine B. Endocrine C. Mucous D. Lymph node | A. The parotid gland, having a duct that secretes a serous secretion, is an example of an exocrine gland.
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| The majority of the hard palate is directly vascularized by the: A. Sphenopalatine artery B. Greater palatine artery C. Lesser palatine artery D. Ascending palatine artery | B. The greater palatine artery supplies blood to the majority of the hard palate.
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| The infratemporal fossa houses all of the following except one. Which one is this exception? A. Lateral pterygoid muscles B. Maxillary artery C. Maxillary vein D. Temporalis muscle | D. The temporalis muscle is located superficially in the temporal fossa attaching to the coronoid process of the mandible.
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| Which oral landmark marks the opening to the submandibular gland? A. Lingual frenum B. Stensen’s duct C. Sublingual fold D. Sublingual caruncle | D. The submandibular gland, via Wharton's duct, opens into the sublingual caruncle.
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| Dental and facial infections can spread through the: A. Blood system B. Fascial spaces C. Lymphatic system D. All of the above | D. The fascial spaces, the blood system, and the lymphatic system are all routes through which dental and facial infections can spread; thus all of the above is the correct choice.
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| If a nerve is an afferent nerve, it is a: A. Motor nerve that travels to the brain B. Motor nerve that travels away from the brain C. Sensory nerve that travels to the brain D. Sensory nerve that travels away from the brain | C. Afferent nerves are sensory nerves, and the impulse travels from a particular part of the body to the brain.
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| The central nervous system is composed of which of the following? A. Autonomic nervous system B. Spinal nerves C. Cranial nerves D. Spinal cord | D. The spinal cord and the brain are components of the central nervous system of the body.
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| Which of the following nerves innervate the parotid salivary gland? A. Vagus (cranial X) B. Facial (cranial VII) C. Glossopharyngeal (cranial IX) D. Hypoglossal (cranial XII) | C. The parotid salivary gland is innervated by the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve.
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| Which afferent nerve exits the mandibular canal? A. Inferior alveolar B. Lingual C. Mandibular D. Mylohyoid | A. The inferior alveolar nerve, an afferent nerve, exits the mandibular canal by way of the mandibular foramen.
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| The chorda tympani is a branch of which of the following nerves? A. Fifth cranial B. Seventh cranial C. Ninth cranial D. Twelfth cranial | B. The chorda tympani nerve is a branch of the seventh cranial nerve, the facial nerve, innervating the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
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| Which of the following occurs with damage to the facial nerve? A. Bell’s palsy B. Loss of speech C. Blindness D. Trigeminal neuralgia | A. Bell’s palsy is caused by damage to the facial nerve and unilaterally affects the muscles of facial expression.
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| The 3 div of trigeminal nerve enter head thru following foraminas: A Inferior orbital fissure, f. rotundum, & f. magnum B Optic canal, f. rotundum, & f. ovale C Sup. orbital fissure, f. rotundum, & f. magnum D Sup. orbital fissure, f. rotundum, f. ova | D. The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve enter the head by way of the sphenoid bone through the superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale.
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| Where is the submandibular salivary gland located? A. Anterior to the sublingual gland B. Inferior to the mylohyoid muscle C. Lateral to the angle of the mandible D. In the mandibular vestibule area | B. The submandibular salivary gland is located inferior to the mylohyoid muscle and wraps around the posterior portion of the muscle.
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| The salivary gland that secretes a serous secretion is the: A. Parotid gland B. Submandibular gland C. Sublingual gland D. Minor salivary glands | A. The parotid gland secretes only a serous (watery) type of secretion.
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| Which of the following landmarks is present on the maxillary bone? A. Foramen ovale B. Greater palatine foramen C. Infraorbital canal D. Superior orbital fissure | C. The maxilla contains the infraorbital canal terminating as the infraorbital foramen located on the facial surface. This is a landmark for the administration of a local anesthetic agent to the anterior teeth.
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| 41. Which of the following best describes the head of the condyle moving too far anteriorly on the articular eminence? A. Subluxation B. Retraction C. Rotation D. Protrusion | A. Subluxation can occur if the condyle of the mandible moves too far anteriorly, passing over the articular eminence of the temporal bone; the client will be unable to close his or her jaw.
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| The spaces above and below the fibrous disk of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are termed: A. Articulating cavities B. Joint cavities C. Mucosal cavities D. Synovial cavities | The areas or spaces above and below the fibrous disk of the TMJ are filled with synovial fluid and are called synovial cavities.
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| When administering a local anesthetic agent to the maxillary posterior teeth, the technique of aspirating the syringe is used to avoid penetrating the: A. Chorda tympani B. Internal jugular vein C. Masseter muscle D. Pterygoid plexus | The areas or spaces above and below the fibrous disk of the TMJ are filled with synovial fluid and are called synovial cavities.
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| Into which system does the lymphatic system drain? A. Arterial B. Capillary C. Glandular D. Venous | D. The lymphatic system parallels the venous system, draining fluids from the surrounding tissues into the venous system.
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| What structure or area would a clinician palpate to assess the condition of the retroauricular and anterior auricular lymph nodes? A. Sternocleidomastoid muscle B. Angle of the mandible C. Region behind and in front of the ear D. Occipital region | C. A clinician would palpate the region behind and in front of the ears to assess the condition of the retroauricular and anterior auricular lymph nodes.
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| Which of the following cranial nerves and tissue pairs are correctly matched? A. Abducens nerve, eye muscle B. Facial nerve, parotid gland C. Trigeminal nerve, muscles of facial expression D. Vagus nerve, temporomandibular joint | A. The abducens nerve, or cranial nerve VI, innervates the motor/efferent muscles of the eye.
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| The paranasal sinuses drain through the: A. Lacrimal ducts B. Nasal conchae C. Nasal meatuses D. Ethmoid air cells | C. The paranasal sinuses drain through the various nasal meatus located in the nasal aperture beneath the nasal conchae.
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| Which of the following forms the floor of the maxillary sinuses? A. Inferior nasal conchae B. Infratemporal crest C. Alveolar process of the maxilla D. Frontal process of the maxill | C. The alveolar process of the maxilla, housing the maxillary teeth, forms the floor of the maxillary sinuses.
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| All of the following are branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve except one. Which one is this exception? A. Buccal nerve B. Lingual nerve C. Mental nerve D. Nasopalatine nerve | D. The nasopalatine nerve, serving the anterior hard palate, branches off the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.
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| The reason that primary lymph nodes lying close to a cancerous lesion are often removed is to prevent the cancer from: A. Metastasizing B. Spreading to secondary nodes C. Entering the blood supply D. All of the above | D. Primary lymph nodes often are removed to prevent cancer from metastasizing to the secondary nodes and entering the bloodstream where the disease can spread rapidly; thus all of the above is the correct choice.
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