Neoplastic Disease
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| benign or malignant overgrowth of tissue that serves no normal function | tumor
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| spread of cancer cells from the primary site of origin to distant site within the body | metastasis
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| descriptive term for a benign tumor projecting from and epithelial surface | polyp
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| descriptive term for a benign tumor projecting from an epithelial surface | papilloma
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| malignant tumor derived from glandular/ parenchymal epithelial cells | carcinoma
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| malignant tumor arising from primary tissues, other than surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelial cells; connective/supporting tissue | sarcoma
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| neoplastic proliferation of leukocytes | leukemia
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| neoplasm of lymphoid cells | lymphoma
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| Hodgkin disease is one type of | a lymphoma
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| characteristic cells of Hodgkin disease, containing two "mirror image" nuclei with prominent nucleoli | Reed-Sternberg cell
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| keratin-forming cell in the epidermis | keratinocyte
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| melanin-producing cell in the epidermis | melanocyte
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| dark pigment found in the skin, in the middle coat of the eye, and in some other regions | melanin
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| benign tumor of pigment-producing cells | nevus
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| malignant tumor of pigment-producing cells | melanoma
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| tumor of a mixed cell components, can be either benign or malignant | teratoma
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| common type of benign cystic teratoma that commonly arises in the ovary | dermoid cyst
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| malignant renal tumor of infants and children | Wilms tumor
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| precancerous warty proliferation of squamous epithelial cells in sun damaged skin of older persons | actinic keratosis
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| precancerous, pigmented skin lesion arising from proliferation of melanocytes | lentigo maligna
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| white patch of hyperplastic & usually atypical squamous epithelium on oral mucosa or genital tract mucosa |
alteration in a base sequence in DNA; may alter cell function
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| a mutation is transmitted from parents to offspring only if mutation is in | gametes
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| normal gene that regulates some aspect of cell growth, maturation, or division | proto-oncogene
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| gene that suppresses proliferation | tumor suppressor gene
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| genes that monitor & correct errors in DNA replication during cell division | DNA repair genes
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| abnormally functioning gene that causes unrestrained cell growth leading to formation of a tumor | oncogene
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| oncogene results from ____ or ____ of a proto-oncogene | mutation; translocation
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| programmed cell death that occurs after a cell has lived a normal life span | apoptosis
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| study of cells from various sources, commonly used as a screening test for cancer | Pap smear
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| a frozen section is a method used by the pathologist for | rapid diagnosis of tumors
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| tissue frozen solid, cut into thin sections, stained & examined microscopically | frozen section
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| antigen associated with growing tumor cells, which serves as an indicator of tumor growth in the body | tumor-associated antigen
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| tumor-associated antigen that resembles antigen secreted by cells of fetal gastrointestinal tract | carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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| protein produced by fetal liver in early gestation | alpha fetoprotein
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| alpha fetoprotein in sometimes produced by | tumor cells
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| alpha fetoprotein level is elevated, in amniotic fluid, when the fetus has | neural tube defect
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| hormone made by placenta in pregnancy having actions similar to pituitary gonadotropins | human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC)
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| human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC) is the same hormone made by some neoplastic cells in some types of | malignant testicular tumors
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| anticancer drug that disrupts cell function by binding DNA chains together so that they cannot separate | alkylating agent
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| substance that competes with/replaces another substance (metabolite) required for cell growth/multiplication | antimetabolite
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| anticancer chemotherapy administered after surgical resection of a tumor in an attempt to destroy any undetected foci of metastatic tumor before they become clinically detectable | Adjuvant chemotherapy
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| treatment given to retard growth of disseminated malignant tumor by stimulating body's own immune system | immunotherapy
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| broad-spectrum antiviral agent manufactured by various cells in the body | interferon
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| lymphokine that stimulated growth of lymphocytes | Interleukin-2
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| neoplastic proliferation of leukocytes | leukemia
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| disturbance of bone marrow function that is characterized by anemia, leukopenia, & thrombocytopenia | myelodysplastic syndrome
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| in some patients, myelodysplastic syndrome may be | a precursor to leukemia
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| malignant neoplasm of plasma cells | multiple myeloma
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| antibody protein | immunoglobulin
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| angioma designates a | benign tumor
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| leukemia is cancer of | blood-forming tissues
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| rapid growth, metastasizing, and poorly differentiated cells are all characteristics of | a malignant tumor
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| teratomas most frequently occur within | the reproductive system
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| malignant melanoma tumors originate in | melanocytes
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| actinic keratosis, lentigo maligna, leukoplakia, & colon polyps are all | precancerous conditions
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| when functioning correctly, paired tumor suppressor genes will | inhibit cell proliferation
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| translocation of 9 & 22 chromosomes where results from | the Philadelphia Chromosome
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| sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, changing wart or mole, & indigestion are all | warning signals by American Cancer Society
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| are used to measure postoperative recovery | tumor-associated antigen tests
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| anticancer drugs that are most effective against rapidly growing tumors are | chemotherapy anticancer drugs
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| patients with a high risk of recurrence may be able to receive a tumor vaccine made from | their own tumors
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| granulocytic. acute, lymphocytic, and monocytic are all | types of leukemia
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| characterized by continuous growth & maturation of cells | normal life processes
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| in order to control their regular growth rate, all cells are subjected to | control mechanisms
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| overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose & are not subject to control mechanisms normally regulating cell growth & differentiation | neoplasm
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| benign tumors may push normal tissue aside, but does not infiltrate surrounding tissues or spread by | blood or lymphatic channels
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| appear mature and closely resemble the normal cells from which the tumor was derived | benign tumors
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| composed of less well-differentiated cells, grows rapidly, & infiltrate surrounding tissues rather than growing by expansion | malignant tumors
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| the infiltrating strands of a malignant tumors often find their way into | vascular or lymphatic channels
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| secondary deposits of a malignant tumor are called | metastatic tumors
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| tumors are named & classified according to | cells & tissues from which they originate
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| carcinomas, sarcomas, & leukemias are the | three groups of malignant tumors
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| word used to indicate any type of malignant tumor | cancer
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| malignant tumors acquire properties that allow them to | flourish at expense of surrounding normal cells
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| when a malignant tumor secretes enzymes that break down normal cell & tissue barriers it allows them to | infiltrate into surrounding tissues & lymphatic channels, eventually spreading throughout the body
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| proliferating tumor cells do not | wear out/die after specific number of cell divisions
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| term carcinoma is not applied to malignant tumors of | endothelium or mesothelium
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| malignant tumors of endothelium or mesothelium behave more like malignant tumors of | connective-tissue
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| carcinoma is classified by designating the type of | epithelium from which it arose
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| exact type of sarcoma is specified by | prefix designating cell of origin
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| malignant tumor of cartilage | chondrosarcoma
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| malignant tumor of fibroblasts | fibrosarcoma
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| malignant tumor of fat cells | liposarcoma
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| malignant tumor of muscle cells | myosarcoma
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| malignant tumor of bone-forming cells | osteosarcoma
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| malignant tumor of blood vessels | angiosarcoma
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| neoplasms arising from precursors of WBCs usually do not form | solid tumors
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| over 80% of lymphomas arise from | B cells
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| frequently occurs in young adults, starts in single lymph node/small group, Reed-Sternberg cells intermixed w/lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, & fibrous tissues | Hodgkin lymphoma
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| Reed-Sternberg cells make up only small part of total cells in tumor, but secrete ___ attracting other cells, in order to intermix | cytokines
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| early localized Hodgkin lymphoma is treated with | radiation therapy
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| more advanced Hodgkin lymphoma is treated with | anticancer chemotherapy supplemented with radiation therapy
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| all lymphomas, other than Hodgkin lymphoma, are grouped together under general term | non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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| quite variable in appearance, behavior and prognosis | B-cell lymphomas (non-Hodgkin lymphomas)
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| based on type of cells tumor arisen(T, B, & NK cells & histiocytes) & maturity of cells, including subgroups within each | classification of lymphomas
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| most arise from keratin-forming cells or melanocytes | skin tumors
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| nevus is a Latin word meaning | birth mark
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| benign proliferations of keratinocytes | keratoses
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| composed of clusters of infiltrating cells that resemble normal basal cells of epidermis | basal cell carcinoma
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| composed of abnormal infiltrating squamous cells | squamous cell carcinoma
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| squamous cell & basal cell carcinoma can usually be cured by | surgical excision
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| predisposes for melanoma, keratoses as well as skin damage & premature aging of skin | excessive sun exposure
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| rare tumors in children, arising in brain, retina of eye, adrenal glands, kidney, liver or genital tract are | primitive cell tumors
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| primitive cell tumors are named from site of origin, adding | -blastoma on the end
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| primitive cell tumor arising from retina of eye | retinoblastoma
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| primitive cell tumor of hepatic origin | hepatoblastoma
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| malignant tumors frequently induce | new blood vessels
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| parts of a tumor with poorest blood supply undergo | necrosis
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| when tumor growing within an organ blood supply is best at | junction of tumor & adjacent normal tissue
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| small blood vessels may be exposed in | ulcerated base of tumor
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| blood may ooze continuously from vessels at ulcerated base of tumor, causing | anemia
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| two characteristic features of malignant tumors | infiltration & metastasis
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| carcinoma in situ means | in site carcinoma
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| can be completely cured by surgical excision, or treatment that eradicates abnormal epithelium, & most favorable stage to successful treatment | carcinoma in situ
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| conditions that have high likelihood of eventually developing into cancer | precancerous
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| actinic refers to | sun rays
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| if left untreated keratoses eventually develop into | skin cancers
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| Latin term lentigo maligna means | malignant freckle
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| lentigo maligna can also develop into | melanomas
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| leukoplakia can give rise to | squamous cell cancers of oral cavity
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| colon polyps are prone to | malignant change
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| unusual types of leukemia & lymphoma are caused by the virus | T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus HTLV-1
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| T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus HTLV-1 is related to the virus that causes | AIDS
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| caused by a herpes virus (HHV-8 human herpesvirus 8), in AIDS patients, | Kaposi sarcoma
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| some strains appear to predispose for cervical cancer, as well as squamous cell carcinomas of mouth, throat & larynx | papilloma virus
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| squamous cell carcinomas of mouth, throat & larynx | oropharyngeal carcinomas
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| predisposes to carcinoma of liver | chronic viral hepatitis
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| Epstein-Barr virus infections (mono) have been linked to | nasophyngeal carcinoma
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| activation of an oncogene may consist of change in only a single nucleotide in DNA of gene | point mutation
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| activation of an oncogene may consists of a mutation that may generate multiple copied of same gene | amplification
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| conversion of proto-oncogene into an oncogene | activation of an oncogene
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