A&P11-Class Notes Pg 23 Blood Pressure
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| Systolic (in BV ch on BP) refers to | when you contract
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| diastolic (in BV sh on BP)refers to | resumption of normal flow
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| blood flows thru a system of: | closed channels
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| Blood always flows from regions of higher: | pressure to lower pressure
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| Mean (avg) pressure in aorta is about: | 100 mm Hg
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| Pressure from aorta continually | decreases rapidly thru the arterial sys & more slowly thru the venous sys
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| Normal BP is | 120 over 80 ....
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| Blood flows from aorta to: | arteries to arterioles
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| cont'd blood flow: arterioles to: | capillaries to venules
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| cont'd blood flow: venules to veins to: | the vena cava to the R, atrium
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| Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood: | on the wall on any BV
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| clinical sense:systolic = | pressure during ventricular systole when B is moving into the arteries
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| Clinical sense: diastolic = | pressure of B in arteries after ventricular systole
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| Homeostatic mechanisms regulate cardio vascular activity to ensure: | that tissue B flow (tissue perfusion) feets the demand for oxygen and nutrientsbl
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| 3 variables of homeostatic mechanisms are: | cardiac output, blood volumn, peripheral resistance
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| Cardiac output is | amt of B ejected by the L ventricle every minute
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| Blood Volumn is: | nORMAL VOLUMN IS 5 LITERS
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| a +or - in B volumn will: | affect pressure
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| Peripheral Resistance is resistance to B flow by the force of friction bet: | blood & the walls of the vessel it is traveling thru
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| Cardiovascular Control Mechanisms: 3 | Autoregulation, Central Mechanisms, and Endocrine Factors
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| Which of the 3 is lst: | autoregulation is Local Controls is is 1st response
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| Autoregulation is: | an automatic local adjustment of Blood flow in a perticular part of body.
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| in autoregulation cells respond to local changes (ie low oxygen levels) by releasing: | vasodilator substances or vasoconstrictor substances
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| examples of vasodilator substances are: | potassium ions, lactic acid & carbon dioxide
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| examples of vaso constrictor substances are: | prostaglandins and endothelins released by damaged endothelial cells
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| if Cardio autoregulation at the local leval fails then: | activation of control mechanisms II or III will occur
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| Cardio control mechanism II is: | Central Mechanism (neural controls) the electrical system
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| Central mechanisms include 4 types: | Higher Brain Centers, Vasomotor center, Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors
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| In higher brain centers typa, the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus regulate BP by: | sending impulses to the vasomotor center during times of stress, anger, ets. This results in vaso constriction and hence, increased BP.
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| Vasomotor Center consists of a culster of: | sympathetic neurons in the medulla oblongata. It controls BV diameter by providing vaso constriction & vaso dilation regulation.
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| The vasomotor center sends inpulses to the vasomotor fibers which: | are efferent fibers of the SNS located in smooth muscles of BV walls. When stimulated they produce norepinephrine.
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| peptide | a protein fragment
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| NO is a | gas
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| norepinephrine in turn regulates smooth muscles in BV's: | to provide vasoconstriction
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| ACh stimulates the release of NO by: | endothelial cells in the area in question.
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| The release of NO gas relaxes | muscle cells, thereby causing vasodilation
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| The resistance of a maximally constricted arteriole is: | 80 times that of a fully dilated arteriole
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| Baroreceptors = | sinus stretch
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| Baroreceptors are specialized receptors: | mechano receptors or presso receptors that monitor the degree of stretch in the walls of expandable organs. r
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| Examples of baroreceptors: | aortic sinuses (provide aortic reflex) in pockets in the wall of the ascending aorta AND carotid sinus near the base of the internal carotid arteries of the neck
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| Chemoreceptors are: | chemical body receptors
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| Chemoreceptors are sensory neurons that are sensitive to: | chemicals in the blood.
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| chemoreceptors are named: | carotid body and the aortic body
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| The carotid body is located at the | bifurcation of the common carotid arteries
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| The aortic body is located in the | aortic arch
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| chemo receptors are sensitive to blood levels of : | oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
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| chemoreceptors are sensory neurons that: | help regulate the respiratory rate
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| The 3rd control mechanism is the: | Endocrine System
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| The Endocrine system is: | A chemical System, local or central
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| Hormones are: | chemical regulators produced by specialized endocrine glands as well as other cells and body tissues
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| Example: ANP, a hormone produced by: | the heart, not by a regular endocrine gland
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| The hormone producing cells/tissues/organs of the body provide: | chemical regulation
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| Hormones Associated with the cardio sytem incl: 5 | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Angiotensin II, Erythropoetin (EPO), Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP or ANF), Endothelium-derived factors (EDF),
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| Antidiuretic Hormone -ADH: | long term regulation of B pressure & volumn.
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| ADH is released from the posterior: | pituitary & stimulates water conservation in the kidneys. Thus B volumn is conserved
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| Angiotensin II is for long-term regulation: | long-term regulation of blood pressure and blood volumn.
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| Angiotensin II is a powerful | vasoconstrictor & it appears in blood following the release of renin from kidney cells (renin-angiotensin pathway)
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| Erythropoetion EPO for long term regulation of B pressure & volumn. It is released | from kidneys to stimulate RBC formation if/when oxygen levels fall to low.
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| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP or ANF) | Provides long term regulation of Blood pressure and blood volumn
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| ANP also encourages fluid: | loss, reduces blood pressure & blood volumn, inhibits thrist and lowers peripheral resistance
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| Endothelium-derived Factor EDF- | assist w/ local blood flow
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| EDF is a group of chemical that are: | produced by endothelial cells
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| EDF s act as either | vaso constrictors or vasodilators
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| Examples of EDF's include: | PDGF (prostaglandin-derived growth factor, NO (nitric oxide, a vasodilator) nad endothelin (a vasoconstrictor)
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