Muscular System
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| what forms a movement | muscles and bones together
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| movementwhat determines movement | where the muscle attatches and type of joint
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| what are the three types of muscular tissue | smooth, skeletal, cardiac
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| what type of muscle is striated, voluntary, and has limited regenerative properties | skeletal
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| what type of muscle is striated, involuntary, and has some regenerative properties | cardiac
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| What type of muscle is non-striated, involuntary, and has the best chance for regeneration | smooth
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| what are the functions of muscular tissue | producing body movements, stabilizing body positions, regulating organ volume, moving substances in the body, and producing heat
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| what are the two types of connective tissue that hold muscle together | superficial fascia, deep fascia
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| what wraps around the entire muscle | epimysium
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| what are muscle fibers called | fasciles
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| what surrounds 10-100 bundles of fasciles | perimysium
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| what wraps an individual muscle fiber | endomysium
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| what forms our tendons | epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
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| what is histology | how do muscles work
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| what is a sarcomere | the basic functional unit of striated muscle
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| what gives us energy for muscle contractions | creatine phosphate, glycolosis, aerobic cellular respiration
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| what do we do at rest? | build up ATP in the form of creatine phosphate
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| what is needed for quick energy in short bursts | phosphate transfer from ADP to make ATP
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| when does creatine contribute significantly to ATP replenishment | first few seconds of intense activity
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| how much creatine does an adult need | 2 grams a day
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| what does ingesting creatine supplements do | slows the bodies production of some molecules
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| what is our first energy source | creatine phosphate
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| what is our second energy source | glycolosis
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| what does glycolisis do | makes 2 ATP by breaking down a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid
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| is glycolosis aerobic or anaerobic | anaerobic in the sarcoplasm
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| how long does glycolosis energy last | about 1 minute
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| what is our third source of energy | cellular respiration
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| is cellular aerobic or anaerobic | aerobic in mitochondria
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| what is the source of the oxygen needed for cellular respiration | blood and myoglobin
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| what does myoglobin do | grabs O2 when it is abundant, releases it when its scarce
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| where is myoglobin an O2 binder | in muscle cells
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| how many ATPs does glycolosis provide | 2
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| how many ATPs does cellular respiration provide | 36 for each glucose
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| what type of energy is used for sustained excersice | cellular respiration
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| what happens when O2 is low | fermentation (anaerobic) occurs
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| what does fermentation do | converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
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| what happens during muscle fatigue | lowered release of Ca2+, keeps pH where it should be
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| what is oxygen needed for | convert lactic acid back to glycogen, make creatine phosphate, refill myoglobin
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| what provides the total tension of muscle | the number of fibers involved
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| what encompases a twitch contraction | latent period, contraction period, relaxation period
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| when does the latent period occur | between muscle stimulus
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| what happens during the latent period | calcium is being released and the myosin heads start to bind to actin
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| what happens during the contraction period | repetitive power strokes occur increasing tension and force
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| what happens during the relaxation period | calcium ion is reducing and being returned to the sarcoplasm
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| what stimulation is the strongest | the 2nd stimulation is stronger then the first, and so on (called wave summation)
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| what happens during unfused tenatus | lots of calcium ion is being released from sarcoplasm, making the waves more level, and no relaxation, can lead to muscle cramps
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| how many stimuli/second constitute fused tenatus | 90
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| what happens during motor unit recruitment | neurons fire asynchronoly (at different times), some relaxing, some contracting, all smooth
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| what are precise movements controlled by | small motor units
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| what are the three types of skeletal muscle | slow oxidative fibers (SO), fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (FOG), fast glycolitic fibers (FG)
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| what type of skeletal muscle is small, dark, has lots of myoglobin and mitochondria, makes ATP aerobically, has slow contractors, and is hard to fatigue | Slow oxidative fibers (SO)
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| what type of skeletal muscle is intermediate in size, has lots of myoglobin, makes ATP aerobically, and has a moderate fatigue rate | fast oxidative glycolitic fibers (FOG)
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| what type of skeletal muscle is white, large, generates the most powerful rapid contractions, has little myoglobin, few mitochondria, large amounts of glycogen, short quick movements, and fatigues the quickest | fast glycolitic fibers (FG)
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| how many fibers in a muscle group are slow oxidative | about half
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| what muscular groups have lots of slow oxidative muscles | postural muscles
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| what type of muscles are fast glycolitic | muscles we use alot
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| what types of skeletal muscles are in our legs | slow oxidative and fast oxidative glycolitic
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| what happens during and isometric contraction | no change in muscle length during contraction but lots of tension generated; no movement
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| what happens during an isotonic contracion | change in muscle length, movement
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| are most movements generally isometric or isotonic | generally both
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| what determines the ratio of fast to slow twitch muscle fibers | genetics
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| who has a higher ratio of FG/SO | sprinters, weight lifters
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| who has a higher ratio of SO/FG | endurance athletes
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| what does strength training do | increases fiber size and thickness of the thin and thick filaments
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| what do anabolic steroids do | increase muscle fiber strength and size, but damage the liver, heart and kidney, cause mood swings, testicle atrophy, and baldness
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| what do steroids do in females | cause breast and uterus reduction, menstrual irregularities, sterility, facial hair, and deep voice
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| what are the features of cardiac muscle | shorter then skeletal muscle, branched and large in diameter, single nucleus, intercalated disks for communication
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| what do intercalated disks do | hold fibers together, gap junctions allow for fast nerve conduction
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| why do skeletal muscles twitch | because of a nerve impulse and release of acetylcholine
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| why do hearts beat | because of an internal pace maker
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| what is autorhythmicity | built in or intrinsic beat, needs lots of CO2 and mitochondria, and uses lactic acid to make ATP
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| what is a persons average beats per minute | 75
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| where is smooth muscle tissue found | internal organs and blood vessels
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| what are the features of smooth muscle tissue | involuntary, small tapered, one nuclei
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| what does smooth muscle contain | intermediate filaments that overlap to appear striated
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| what are the two types of smooth muscle | visceral and multiunit
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| where is visceral smooth muscle found | in sheets in the small arteries, and hollow organs
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| where is multiunit smooth muscle found | large arteries and the lungs,
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| what are the features of multiunit smooth muscle | stays in constant contraction, can stretch and return
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| what happens to skeletal muscle as we age | its mass is replaced with adipose tissue
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| what do tendons do | attatch muscle to bone
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| what do muscles cross | joints
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| what do muscles do in terms of bones | draw one bone to the other
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| where is the origin of a muscle | attatched to the bone that does not move
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| where is the muscle insertion | attatched to the movable bone
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| where is the muscle belly | bulging part of the muscle
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| what occurs during tendonitis | fluid accumulation from repetitive movements
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| what are prime movers/agonists | muscle that causes the motion
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| what is the antagonist | muscle that relaxes when the prime mover flexes
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| what do synergists do | increase efficiency by reducing unnecessary moves
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| what do fixators do | stabilize joints
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| what is the neuromuscular junction | synapse between a motor neuron's axon terminal and motor end plate of a muscle fiber
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| what is the motor end plate | region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal
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| what happens in the neuromuscular junction | acetocholine binds to ion channels, opens them, sodium flows in, this causes action potential
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| what happens to muscle action potential | it travels down transverse tubules of muscle fiber
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| what are transverse tubules | inward folds of the sarcolema
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