UT Southwestern School of Medicine Cell Biology 2010 Final

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cells of the olfactory mucosa

upper 1/3-2/3 of nasal cavity: 1) support/sustentacular cells, 2) olfactory bulb cells, 3) basal cells, 4) serous glands in lamina propria secrete coating material for apical side

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olfactory bulb cells

dendritic surface (apical) = >2 cilia w/olfactory G-coupled receptors, basal surface -> axon (olfactory nerve)

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olfactory basal cells

progenitor cells that divide & replace worn-out olfactory cells

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vocal cords

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (high air flow prevents pseudostratified ciliated cells). include skeletal muscle for swallow/talk

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trachea

w/age cartilage -> bone, smooth muscle & elastic tissue @ rear. mucosa (epithel. + lamina propria + layer of elastin + basement membrane), submucosa (+ mixed glands), cartilage, adventitia

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cells of the pseudostratifed ciliated tracheal epithelium

1 ciliated, 2 goblet, 3 brush (receptor connected to sympathetic afferents), 4 small granule (enteroendocrine), 5 basal

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bronchial acinus

= smallest unit in a lobule, contains single alveolar duct + its alveoli

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primary bronchi

cartilage plates, smooth muscle in opposite spirals, submucosal glands

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bronchioles (0.3-0.5 mm diam)

no cartilage, transition -> simple cuboidal epithelium, fewer ciliated & goblet cells, more Clara cells, NO GLANDS, lots of smooth muscle

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terminal bronchioles

thin smooth muscle layer, irregularly shaped lumen, ciliated cuboidal epithelium, no goblet cells, many Clara cells

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respiratory bronchioles

bronchioles attached to thin walled alveoli lined w/squamous epithelium,

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alveoli

terminal sacs, separated by interalveolar septum (semi-circular). v. thin connective tissue w/capillaries, squamous epithelium: Type I, pyramidal type II cells, smooth muscle, endothelium, fibroblasts, macrophages.

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Type II alveolar cells

frothy cytoplasm (vacuoles), pyramidal shaped, @ corner of alveoli, make surfactant (contain lamellar bodies that store it)

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alveolar macrophages

phagocytose foreign particles & are expectorated. derive from monocytes.

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Type I alveolar cells

suqamous epithelium, thin nucleus, thin extensions (can't be seen)

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minimal alveolar layers

minimum layer = surfactant, Type I cell + basal lamina endothelial cell + basal lamina

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surfactant

lipoproteins 2/dipalmitoyl lecithin

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Clara cells

contribute to surfactant production

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Components of the renal cortex

Renal corpuscles (granular), nephron, collecting tubules, vessels, medullary rays (straight tubules & straight collecting tubules)

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Components of the renal medulla

Renal pyramids, renal columns of Bertin, medullary rays (continuous w/cortex)

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Components of one lobe of the kidney

1 renal pyramid + associated cortex + ½ of each cortical column beside it (6-12 per kidney)

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Components of one nephron

1) renal corpuscle (=glomerulus+Bowman’s capsule). 2) proximal convoluted tubule, 3) proximal straight tubule. 4) descending thin limb. 5) Ascending thin limb. 6) Thick ascending limb. 7) Macula densa. 8) Distal convoluted tubule. 9) Collecting tubule

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Cortical nephron

=subcapsular nephron. Renal corpuscle is located in outer part of cortex. Short loop of Henle that barely enters

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Juxtamedullary nephron

Renal corpuscle @ inner cortex. Long loops of Henle run deep into medulla. Specialized for concentrating urine.

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Components of the Renal Corpuscle

1) Arterioles(enter & exit @ vascular pole). 2) Bowman’s Capsule. 3) Glomerulus

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Structure of Bowman’s Capsule

Epithelial cells covering capillaries & lining wall of corpuscle = Bowman’s Capsule. Squamous cells lining corpuscle = PARIETAL LAYER, squamous podocytes lining capillaries = VISCERAL LAYER.

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Filtration @ Glomerulus

1) capillary endothel. blocks RBCs & WBCs. 2) Lamina Lucida Interna: polyanions prevent (-) molecules passing. 3) lamina densa: type IV collagen = physical barrier. 4) lamina lucida externa: (-) charged also. 5) podocyte filtration slits. 6) Mesangium

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Podocytes

= visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule. Long PEDICEL processes contact glomerular basement membrane. Form filtration Slits.

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Mesangium

Mesangial cells (phagocytic) clean protein etc. from glomerular basement membrane. structural support for podocytes (in glomerulus) & for vascular pole (extraglomerular). PAS positive.

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Physiology of proximal tubules

Resorb 65% filtrate + salt, aa’s, sugar, + peptides (endocytosis).

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Structure of proximal tubules

1) brush border. 2) infolding of basal processes. 3) Basal striations (long mitochondria in basal processes in convoluted tubule only).

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Loope of Henle fxn

Creates & maintains high osmolarity found in medullary interstitium

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Loop of Henle

Thin Limb = simple squamous epithelium. Descending part = water-permeable. -> hypertonic filtrate. Ascending part + thick limb = water-impermeable + salt-permeable (passive & active transport).

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Juxtaglomerular apparatus components

1) Efferent & afferent arterioles. 2) macula densa. 3) juxtaglomerular cells. 4) extraglomerular mesangial cells.

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Macula Densa

Last part of thick ascending limb of renal tubule. Tall thick epithelial layer & prominent nuclei, near vascular pole.

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Distal Convulted Tubule (DCT)

Site of Na & water resorbtion. Less curly than the proximal convoluted tubule. Simple cuboidal epithelium is thinner than that of the proximal tubule. Lumen = wider, no brush border (no need for extra surface area b/c no ion pumping).

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Renovascular Hypertension

low blood to glomerulus -> renin released -> ANGII activated. Ang+Aldo -> hypertension.

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Collecting Tubules

In medullary rays, transport urine to collecting ducts of Bellini (medulla)

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Ducts of Bellini

Collecting ducts in medulla, transport urine to minor calyx of the papilla

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Function of collecting tubules & ducts

Urea contribution -> high osmolarity of inner medulla. Control urine concentration (ADH)

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AVP

=ADH. Epithelial cells in collecting tubules & ducts respond by changing water permeability -> determines [urine]

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Diabetes insipidus

Latin = tasteless. Large amounts of hypotonic urine produced when no ADH.

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Types of Efferent Arterioles

1) drain cortical nephrons: peritubular capillary network around tubules, resorb water & ions. 2) drain juxtamedullary nephrons: peritubular capillaries of vasa recta (can reach down along loop of Henle).

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Vasa Recta

Maintains high osmolarity of medulla. Permeable to salt & water. Osmolarity increases w/descent into medulla & decreases w/ascent.

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Transitional epithelium of the urinary system

Transitional epithel. in renal calyces, pelvis, ureter, bladder. Wall thickness increases from upper to lower urinary tract. Impermeable to salt & water. Distensible. As bladder distends, ureter openings are compressed (prevents reflux)

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Muscle layers of the bladder

Inner: longitudinal. Outer: circular. Sometimes extra outer longitudinal.

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Tissue layers of the Bladder

Epithelium, lamina propria, longitudinal smooth muscle, circular/spiral smooth muscle.

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function of the larynx

conducts air between the pharynx & trachea

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which histological characteristics could be used to distinguish the trachea from intrapulmonary bronchi?

1) trachea contains cartilage rings while the intrapulmonary bronchi contain cartilage plates. 2) the smooth muscle is distributed differently. HOW???

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layers of the digestive tube

1) mucosa (epithel + lamina propria loose connective tissue, muscularis mucosae), 2) suubmucosa (thick connective tissue), 3) muscularis externa, 4) serosa, 5) mesentery

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digestive regions covered w/serosa vs. adventitia:

adventitia: esophagus, rectum. serosa: stomach, intestines.

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serosa components

mesothelial cells

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muscularis externa structure

inner circular muscle (contracts tube), outer longitudinal muscle (shortens tube). controlled by Auerbach's plexus.

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submucosa structure

dense connective tissue, contains Meissner's plexus & submucosal glands

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mucosa structure

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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Crypts of Lieberkuhn

mucosal glands in the small intestine (begin @ bottom of intervillous space). made of epithelial cells resting on basement membrane & surrounded by lamina propria.

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cell types in the lamina propria

stomach: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts, smooth muscle. s.i.: also capillaries & lacteals.

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muscularis mucosae of GI tract

inner circular & outer longitudinal muscle (except esophagus has only outer longitudinal)

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muscularis externa in esophagus

upper 1/3 is voluntary striated for swallowing

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esophageal glands

submucosal glands + cardiac glands near stomach in lamina propria

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mucus glands in the stomach

gastric pits w/base above muscularis mucosae, fundic/oxyntic glands in fundus

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gastric gland cells

1. surface mucous, 2) mucous neck, 3) parietal, 4) chief, 5) enteroendocrine, 5) gastric progenitor

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gastric surface mucous cell identification

mucous PAS-staining granules in Apical side of cell. Found in surface & pits.

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gastric mucous neck cell ID

beneath pit in the neck of the gland. dark granules in EM throughout cytoplasm.

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gastric parietal cells ID

In neck of gland, many mitochondria maintain energy for ion gradients, invaginations of surface membrane, PAS-staining tubulo-vesicular structures. Make intrinsic factor & HCl.

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gastric chief cells ID

base of tubular glands, dark/light granules, lots of rER/Golgi/zymogen granules. Make pepsinogen.

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gastric enteroendocrine cells

ECL/Argentaffin/APUD cells. single-cell endocrine glands. in Epithelium. Secrete into lamina propria. BASAL granules. diverse cell-types.

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gastric muscularis externa cells

longitudinal, circular, oblique smooth muscle. INCLUDES pyloric-duodenal sphincter.

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valve of Kerckring

small intestine infoldings w/submucosal core (=plicae circulares)

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Brunner's glands

submucosal glands in duodenum (empty into bottom of crypts)

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s.i. epithelium cell tpes

absorptive, goblet, Paneth, enteroendocrine, progenitor (not detectable by conventional methods).

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Absorptive cells of s.i.

enterocytes on villi. microvilli, glycocalyx, lots of mitochondria, chylomicrons, ER = TAGs reassembled & packeaged into chylomicrons

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Paneth cells

small intestines @ base of crypts, produce antibiotics to regulate GI bacteria, eosinophilic refractile granules contain Lysozyme & Alpha Defensin (disrupts bacterial cells)regulation by bacteria & CCK. inovlved in IBDs.

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mucus glands in the s.i.

no submucosal glands in ileum & jejunum. ileum contains Peyer's patches.

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colon histology

crypts have lots of goblet cells & secrete mucus. no lymphatics in lamina propria.

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hepatocytes

exocrine: bile. into blood: albumin, glucose, fibrinogen, prothrombin, hormones. arranged in plates. store glucose as glycogen, form walls of canaliculi, remove bilibrubin, metabolize toxins in smooth ER

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blood supply to liver

portal vein 75%, hepatic artery 25%. central vein -> hepatic vein -> vena cava

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liver lobule organization

central vein @ center, hepatocyte plates, portal triad define edges. blood/bile countercurrent.

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Portal Triad

= Portal Radical. portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct lined w/cholangiocytes, lymph vessels, connective tissue, nerves.

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Space of Disse

bt/w endothelial cytoplasm & hepatocyte, contains connective tissue & microvilli, produces 50% of lymph delivered to heart

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Kupffer cells

Monocytic phagocyte, stretch over sinusoidal lumen, ingest bacteria & worn-out RBCs

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Hepatic Stellate Cells

in Space of Disse, store vitamin A, produce type I collagen in liver fibrosis

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liver recovery from damage

compensatory hyperplasia = cells in each remaining lobe divide. hepatocytes can produce more hepatocytes & liver progenitor cells. Bone marrow -> endothelial & Kupffer cells.

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gall bladder tissue layers

Simple columnar epithelium, smooth muscle, loose connective tissue + plasma cells->IgA, serosa. Spiral valves regulate flow into/out of gall bladder.

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Pancreatic Acinar cell secretions

centroacinar = 1st cell of duct. acinus -> intercalated duct -> interlobular duct -> pancreatic duct. Merocrine secretion. No myoepithelial cells.

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serous demilunes

line of serous cells located near edge of alivary gland acinus in crescent shape

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salivary gland ducts

acinus -> cuboidal intercalated duct -> columnar striated duct (basal cells infolded & full of mitochondria). myoepithelial cells above basement membrane directly contact acinar cells -> squeeze for secretions

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innate immunity

physical + chemical. phagocytes (neutrophils/macrophages) + large granular lymphocytes.

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acquired immunity

specificity: only bad antigens. adaptive: no response until antigen. memory: additional encounters -> faster & stronger response.

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Type of lymphocytes

B-cells, T-cells, small "immunocompetent but naive" cells that have never seen an antigen

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activated B lymphocytes

"humoral immunity", large glycoprotein Ab's (eg. IgA & IgE). Each individual cell only expresses one specific Ab. Differentiate into plasma cells.

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IgA

Ab's that withstand mucus environments

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IgE

Ab's that activate mast cell degranulation

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T-lymphocytes

"cell-mediated immunity". Naive T-cells activated by APC's -> express receptors specific for antigens bound to cells. NO Ab's! Only 1 receptor-type per individual cell.

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Cytotoxic T cells

Tc cells. Bind antigen -> kills target directly (e.g. virus-infected cells).

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Helper T cells

Th cells. Secrete paracrine cytokines that recruit & activate other cells.

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Th1 cells

Inflammatory Helper T-cells. release cytokines to recruit macrophages -> initiate inflammation

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Th2 cells

helper T-cells that activate B-cells for humoral immunity

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Regulatory T cells

Treg= "suppressor" T cells (Ts). Produce cytokines that inhibit immune response.

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phases of the immune response

1) Cognitive (Ab or Receptor-binding), 2) Activation phase (lymph organs produce clones), 3) effector phase (Ab's & Tc & Th1 clear antigen

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Clonality

Naive T-cells differentiate into activated Tc, Th, & Ts cells

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APCs

antigen presenting cells. = dendritic cells. abundant in lymph nodes.

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Activation phase of Lymphocyte Differentiation

1) Naive T cells meet APC's & differentiate into Th, Treg, & Tc clones. 2) B cells differentiate into plasma cells (make same Ab as parent B-cell). 3) Th cells make cytokines -> B cells become plasma cells & T cells become Tc, + memory cells from both.

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problems w/antigen specificity

V. few lymphocytes per antigen, It's a big body, lymphocytes + antigen + APC must all be @ site

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lymph organs

primary: thymus, bone marrow (produce naive T & B cells constantly). secondary: adenoid, tonsil, heart, spleen, blood vessels, lymph nodes & vessels, appendix, Peyer's Patches (generate responses to antigens; naive cells tour around constantly)

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Lymphopoiesis

antigen-induced B & T-cell differentiation

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Lymph node anatomy

multiple afferent lymphatics -> subcapsular sinus where Lymph bathes follicle w/germinal B cells & parafollicular region w/T cells -> medullary sinus where medullary cord is -> 1 efferent duct @ hilum (also where blood vessels enter & leave).

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lymph node structural support

1) capsule (type I collagen), 2) trabeculae, 3) reticular fibers + reticulum cells = fine support + baffle effect

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lymph node outer Cx

= where B cells are activated. round follicles w/lots of B cells only a few T cells. APCs in parafollicular region. 2ndary follicles have pale center = germinal center for B cell activation. small vessels.

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Contents of a Germinal Center

1) proliferating cells, 2) differentiating cells (large lymphocytes), 3) apoptotic cells, 4) macrophages eating apoptotic cells, follicular-dendritic cells

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Lymph node Deep Cx

= Parafollicular area. lots of T cells. Site of T-cell activation, APC's present in parafollicular regions (can't be distinguished from retinaculum)

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Lymph node medullary cords

large veins, reticular cells & fibers, macrophages filter lymph, lymphocytes (naive & T cells, immature plasma cells), mature plasma cells that secrete Ab's into lymph

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Lymph node Medullary sinuses

pale staining, contain lymph, reticulum cells, reticular fibers, lymphocytes, immature plasma cells, discontinuous plump endothelium

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Lymph flow through nodes

1) protein, microorganisms, lymphocytes from organs, dendritic cells from periphery that phagocytosed stuff. 2) filtration by macrophages in medullary cords. 3) dendritic cells settle in cortex.

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high endothelial venules

endothelium of post-venule capillaries in lymph nodes. have tall endothelial cells that carry lymphocytes across via receptor-mediated processes

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Mucosal Lymph Tissue

eg. tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches. Structure = follicles but no medulla, efferent lymph ducts only. M cells in intestinal epithelium, dendritic cells in lamina propria send extensions to epithelium. lymph tissue can be induced on any mucosal surface.

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Where do plasma cells mature?

Medullary cords -> secrete Ab's into blood

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Dendritic cell location in lymph nodes

found in lymph node cortex, NOT in medullary cords/sinus

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naive lymph cell travels

HEV -> lymph node -> medullary cords -> sinus -> efferent lymphatic -> blood -> other lymph organs

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B-cell travels

1. develop in bone marrow, 2. -> medullary cords -> become plasma cells -> secrete Abs into blood, OR 2. -> mucosal lamina propria (or breast/salivary glands) -> large granulocyte -> IgA secretion

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T-cell travels

develop in thymus-> lymph nodes -> lose HEV R's when see antigen-> display inflammation & post-capillary venule R's-> lymph-> blood-> periphery-> lymph again if don't see Ag

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Spleen fxnl compartments

1. capsule, 2. red pulp: venous sinuses, 3. white pulp: like lymph node Cx, 4. Perifollicular Zone: efferent lymphatics but doesn't filter, 5. trabeculae, 6. basement membrane rings around sinuses

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splenic red pulp fxn's

venous sinuses w/anastamoses & longitudinal plump endothel cells + slits: block stiff unhealthy cells + shear off reticulocyte organelle baggage. Billroth's strands. Macrophages: filter, eat unhealthy cells, retrieve Fe.

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splenic white pulp fxn

central artery. periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) = T-cells. APC's, B-cells in follicles. site of lymphocyte activation.

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splenic vasculature

central artery -> penicillar arterioles -> capillaries dump into -> Billroth's strands (baffle) -> endothelial cell slits w/macrophages -> venous sinus -> trabecular veins

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Billroth's strands

Found in red pulp of spleen, type 3 collagen baffle + macrophages bt/w capillaries & sinuses. Also contain plasma cells & reticulum cells.

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Lymphocyte development

Thymus/Bone marrow. NO Ag's present!

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Thymus structure

bilobed, recesses in puberty -> fat. capsule + septa (major support, large vessels, connective tissue & mast cells)-> incomplete lobules. stellate epithelial reticular cells = fine support. Outer Cx = mostly dense thymocytes (lymphocytes).

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T-cell development

bone marrow lymphocyte -> outer thymus Cx -> proliferation -> stellate epithelial reticular cells release growth factors in Ag-free environment -> naive immunocompetent T-cell (Ag & migration R's expressed)

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Thymus Cx

macrophages, thymocytes, epithelial reticular cells, dendritic cells near cortico-medullary jxn. Blood-Thymus Barrier + no afferent lymphatics.

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autoreactive T-cells

selected against in Thymus Cx. >90% thymus cells. die by apoptosis -> eaten by macrophages. dendritic cells help select against. NOTE: good cells selected for via different process.

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Blood-Thymus Barrier

@ Cx capillaries. Epithelial cells w/ Zonula Occludens, macrophages, epithelioreticular cells w/Zonula Occludens.

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Thymus Medulla

thymocytes mostly differentiated, much more epithelioreticular cells + macrophages, mast & plasma cells, normal blood vessels & lymphatics, Hassal's corpuscles

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Hassal's corpuscles

round epithelial cysts in thymus medulla -> keratinizing. unknown fxn.

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Tunica vaginalis

overlies testes. visceral layer = simple squamous epithelium

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Tunica albuginea of testis

inner part = tunica vasculosa (loose connective tissue + vessels)

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mediastinum testes

posterior border of testis, tunica albuginea thickens & projects inwards. vessels/lymphatics/genital ducts pass through

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seminiferous tubules in the testis

incomplete septa -> testis lobules (1-4 tubules per). tubules = convoluted loop + straight portion (tubuli recti/straight tubule) entering mediastinum via rete testis. surrounded by tunica propria (3-5 myoid cell layers & collagen)

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myoid cells in testes

= peritubular contractile cells in seminiferous tubule tunica propria layer

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Spermatogenesis Phases

1) Spermatogonial: stem cell mitosis-> Type A-> Type B spermatocytes. 2) Spermatocyte: primary spermatocyte-> 2 diploid secondary spermatocytes-> 4 haploid spermatids. 3) Spermatid: Spermatid -> spermatozoa.

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Phases of Spermiogenesis (Spermatid Phase)

Golgi, Cap, Acrosome, Maturation

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Golgi Phase of Spermiogenesis

hydrolytic enzymes -> pre-acrosomal granules. Side of nucleus where granules locate = anterior pole. 1 centriole -> flagellar axoneme.

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Cap Phase of Spermiogenesis

acrosomal vesicle spreads & condenses -> cap.

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Acrosome Phase of Spermiogenesis

spermatid embeds head in Sertoli cell (facing tunica propria), nucleus condenses, spermatid elongates, mitochondria move to new location

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Maturation Phase of Spermiogenesis

Excess cytoplasm is pinched off & released into seminiferous tubule lumen

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Contents of Sperm acrosomal cap

hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase, "trypsin-like" acrosin protease

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Sperm structure

1) Head: acrosome @ anterior 2/3 of nucleus, 2) Tail: Neck = centrioles, middle piece = mitochondria + coarse fibers + axoneme (9/2), principal piece = sheath + coarse fibers + axoneme, end piece = axoneme

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Sertoli cells

"true epithelium" of seminiferous tubules. Columnar, non-replicative, sit on basal lamina. release MIH in development, secrete lubricant & inhibin (inhibits FSH)

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Blood-Testis Barrier

Sertoli-Sertoli jxnl complex = separates basal from adluminal cytoplasm, type of tight jxn. Peritubular myoid cells. Protects unique Ag-presenting sperm from immune system. May be compromised in vasectomy

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Intracellular Bridges of Spermatogonia

Synchronize cells so they develop @ same rate, helps Sertolis maintain testis-blood barrier.

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Types of Spermatogonia

Type A = stem cells w/dark ovoid nuclei -> type A pale cells w/lighly stained granular nuclei + cytoplasmic bridges. Type B divide -> primary spermatocytes

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Observable Sperm Development

6 stages requiring 74 days to develop

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Interstitium Between Semifiersou Tubules

vessels from tunica vasculosa, loose connective tissue, Leydig cells

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Leydig Cells

regulated by LH. large, polygonol, pink, lipid droplets, crystals of Reinke, elaborate sER for Testosterone synth, tubulovesicular Mt.

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Tubuli Recti

connect seminiferous tubules to rete testis. Lined only by Sertoli Cells.

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Rete Testis

simple cuboidal epithelium w/microvilli & 1 apical cilium.

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Efferent Ductules

EXTRAtesticular. ~20/testis, connect rete testis to proximal ductus epidydimis. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium w/some basal cells & lymphocytes. Reabsorb seminiferous fluid to concentrate sperm (estrogen-controlled)

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Ductus Epidydimis

posterior testis, has associated vessels, connective tissue, smooth muscle (3 layers in Cauda), fibrous connective tissue tunic. Caput/Corpus/Cauda. sperm acquire motility. stereociliated Principal cells + small round Basal stem cells.

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Principal Cells of the Epidydimis

sterocilia. secrete glycerophosphocholine, sialic acid, glycoproteins. reabsorb fluid, phagocytose spermatid cytoplasmic remnants (residual bodies). get shorter in tail region.

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Ductus Deferens

propels sperm during ejaculation. pseudostratified columnar w/stereocilia. muscle layers from in to out: longitudinal, circular, longitudinal. 1 nerve/muscle cell. site of vasectomy. Highest ratio of muscle: lumen in the body.

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Ejaculatory Duct

takes sperm from vas deferens to urethra. simple columnar epithelium. v. little smooth muscle.

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Seminal vesicles

accessory sex glands, add nutrition to semen: fructose, ascorbic acid + fibrinogen to clot semen. pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

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Prostate Gland

compound tubuloalveolar accessory sex gland. smooth muscle in small bundles. pseudostratified glandular OR simple columnar epithelium. adds nutrition & fluid to semen: acid phosphatase & PSA. Prostatic concretions = calcified secretory material.

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prostate cancer & Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

acid phosphatase & PSA = diagnostic of cancer. BPH = swollen prostate occludes lumen40% of men at 50, 90% of men at 80 years old.

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Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's)

Accessory Sex Glands secrete preseminal fluid lubricant. found in urogenital diaphragm. Compound Tubuloalveolar glands w/simple columnar epithelium under control of testosterone.

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Glands of Littre

mucus-secreting, found around urethra, work w/Cowper's.

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male urethra

membranous: stratified & pseudostratified, prostatic: transitional epithelium, spongy: pseudostratified w/some squamous

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tunica albuginea of the penis

holds corpora cavernosa & spongiosum together & encapsulates each. helicine arteries fill corpora cavernosa w/blood during erection (parasympathetic control via NO). NO also -> smooth muscle relaxation.

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site of fertilization and cleavage of the ovum

antrum of oviduct = fertilization. cleavage in Ampulla (muscularis couners fluid flow created by cilia = zygote stays in ampulla)

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Menstrual Cycle landmarks

Day 1 =start of bleeding, 14 = ovulation, 21 = implantation. Follicular/Menstrual+Proliferative Phase = 1st half (E2). Luteal/Secretory Phase = 2nd half (P4).

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Ovary structure

Capsule (simple cuboidal mesothelium), Tunica Albuginea (connective tissue), Cortex (cellular stroma w/follicles), Medulla (cellular stroma w/vessels & lymph).

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Ovary Mesothelium

cuboidal (easy to break through). site of most ovarian cancers.

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Oogenesis

primordial germ cells -> oogonia -> primary oocyte in 5 month old fetus. millions in fetus -> 400 @ puberty (apoptosis)

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Primordial follicle

primary oocyte, simple squamous epithelium (follicular/granulosa cells), basement membrane, fibroblast-like cells.

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Primary follicle

oocyte enlarges, secretes glycoprotein shell (zona pellucida). follicular cells -> cuboidal & proliferate -> stratified (innermost form gap jxns). basement membrane & surrounding cells enlarge -> Theca grows blood vessels.

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Secondary/Antral follicle

FSH -> 1)Follicular fluid= antrum 2)Membrana granulosa (lines antrum) & Cumulus Oophorus (surrounds zona pellucida) proliferate. 3)Theca interna cells make androstenedione (C19)-> follicular cells convert to estrogen (C18). 4)Theca externa (myoid cells)

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contents of antrum/central lake

hyaluronic acid, estrogen, nutrients for the oocyte

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Graafian Follicle (mature)

LH-> large (>1 cm), Cumulus Oophorus frees from Membrana Granulosa. Oocyte -> arrested in metaphase as 2ndary oocyte

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Follicular maturation time-scale

takes several months. many sizes of follicles are seen @ any one time. Most follicles undergo atresia.

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Follicular Atresia

Small follicles: Oocyte, zona pellucida & follicular cells collapse & disappear. Large: same + macrophages phagocytose, theca interna cells enlarge & vacuolize, follicle collapses-> connective tissue. basement membrane-> glassy membrane (hyaline).

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Follicular Cell types

Membrana Granulosa, Cumulus Oophorus

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Ovulation

1) follicle moves to ovary wall, 2) ischemia + proteolysis -> follicle wall/tunica albuginea/mesothelium break down, 3) cumulus oophorus + contents leaks out, 4) membrana granulosa-> corpus luteum, 5) fimbriae approaches ovary & cilia beat

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Corpus Luteum Formation

1)Fibrin clot forms, 2)Basement membrane breaks down -> connective tissue, vessels-> sinusoidal capillaries in granulosa. 3)Follicular cells-> Granulosa Lutein Cells: make progesterone + estrogen. Theca Interna-> Theca lutein cells.

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Theca Lutein cells

have same fxn as theca interna cells, but different morphology

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Corpus Luteum Degradation

W/out pregnancy -> deteriorates in 2 weeks into corpus albicans (disappears w/in several months)

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Oviduct tissue layers

Serosa (vessels+connective tissue), Muscularis (moves sperm & eggs), Mucosa (simple columnar epithelium + lamina propria).

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Oviduct Mucosa

simple columnar epithelium + lamina propria. Ciliated & Secretory Cells, Intraepithelial Lymphocytes

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Substructures of the Oviduct

1)Infundibulum: fimbriae & ciliated cells. 2)Ampulla: mucosal folds, ciliated cells, thin muscularis (circular in + longitudinal out). 3)isthmus: low mucosal folds, few ciliated cells, thick muscularis. 4) Intramural: smooth mucosa, thickest muscularis.

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Fertility treatment for in vitro fertilization

Give high [FSH] to increase # developing follicles

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mitochondrial lipid droplets

found ONLY in granulosa lutein cells & only in humans. osmiophilic in EM.

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uterus gross structure

1) perimetrium (serosa), 2) Myometrium (disorganized smooth muscle), 3) Endometrium (mucosa)

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Endometrial anatomy

simple columnar epithelium, tubular glands, lamina propria. Functional layer (lost during menstruation. spiral arteries). Basal Layer (base of glands, next to myometrium, repopulates Functional Layer after menstruation).

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Menstrual Phase

all hormones low, functional layer + unclotted blood

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Early Proliferative Phase

Thin endometrium. Mitosis. Glands = short & straight. Low columnar epithelium. days 4-7

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Late Proliferative Phase

Peak E2 & mitosis, tall endometrium, large functional layer, glands start to coil, v. dense stroma. days 7-14

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Early secretory Phase

P4 levels high, v. tall endometrium, highly coiled glands, basal vacuolization, less dense stroma. days 15-21

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Late Secretory Phase

P4 peaks, back-to-back glands w/ruffled cells (apocrine glycogen secretion), spiral arteries, decidual reaction (fibroblast-like cells-> decidual-> secrete nutrients for embryo), large granular lymphocytes.

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Successful Pregnancy

P4 remains high + decidual reaction throughout endometrium

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Unsuccessful Pregnancy

P4 declines, endometrium collapses, more leukocytes, spiral arteries kink -> ischemia & blood loss -> menstruation

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Endocervix

canal from uterus. more connective tissue than muscle, crypts/glands, columnar epithelium -> cervical mucus (viscous plug mostly but near ovulation changes for sperm entry)

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Ectocervix

projects into vagina. Mucosal surface w/stratified squamous epithelium (like vagina). can be inflamed w/cysts & metaplasia. Cervical carcinoma associated w/HPV.

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Vagina anatomy

Mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium + lamina propria w/vessels). 2) Muscularis (inner circular, outer longitudinal smooth. skeletal muscle in last portion). 3) Adventitia w/elastin.

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Vagina Epithelium

Basal layer (single layer thick, mitotic). Prickle Layer (Langerhans cells, desmosomes). Glycogen-containing Cells: round @ bottom to squamous @ top, vacuolated w/nuclei. NO GLANDS: plasma leaks out of veins in lamina propria during stimulation.

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FX of sex hormones on vagina

E2 -> thickest vaginal wall, highest glycogen content. P4-> shorter & less glycogen.

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Mammary Gland Structure

15-20 lobes w/branched compound alveolar glands + lactiferous duct emptying out of nipple. Lobes separated by type I collagen/fibroblasts/mast cells/adipocytes. Lobules separated by septa. IgA transported across epithelial cells.

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Mammary Gland Secretions

Simple epithelium. Milk fat globules (apocrine) + proteins (serous merocrine). Myoepithelial cells b/tw basement membrane & glandular cells. Contract w/Oxytocin.

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Mammary Ducts

1) small ducts w/cuboidal epithelium in lobules. 2) large ducts w/columnar epithelium In septa (eg. lactiferous duct exits each lobe ->sinus in nipple.

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Non-pregnant boobs

mostly aductal w/type I collagen & adipocytes. no alveoli.

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Nipple structure

stratified keratinized squamous epithelium. stratified columnar lactiferous sinuses/ducts. circular smooth muscle -> nipple erection. sweat & sebaceous glands w/out hair.

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Placenta

1/4 maternal/fetal interface, fetal-derived. gas-exchange, nutrient uptake, waste removal, Ab transfer. Drugs & alcohol, viruses & dangerous Abs can also cross. maternal side =cotyledons.

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Reflected fetal membranes

chorion laeve & amnion. attach to inside of placenta

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decidua

attaches embryonic chorion to maternal placenta.

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chorion laeve

= smooth chorion (outer reflected fetal membrane). stratified cuboidal cytotrophoblast cells derived from outer blastocyst layer. 3/4 of maternal/fetal interface.

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amnion

simple cuboidal epithelium (stratified squamous in umbilical cord) + underlying mesenchyme connective tissue-> tensile strength. encloses amniotic cavity, covers fetal side of placenta & umbilical cord, derived from inner cell mass, no vessels.

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anatomical requirements for placenta fxn

1) 2 circulatory systems must be v. close, and 2) they must remain separate

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Cotyledons

on maternal side of placenta, lobules divided by septa of decidua. Spiral arteries supply maternal blood.

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chorionic plate

below amnion. connective tissue w/chorionic vessels ( branches of umbilical artery)

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umbilical cord

2 arteries branched from fetal iliac + 1 vein. spiral-orientation.

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Wharton's Jelly

mesenchyme (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, stem cells) surrounding umbilical cord vessels, enclosed by amnion. high in HA & chondroitin sulfate.

🗑

chorionic plate

internal placenta: large fetal vessels branching from umbilical vessels. villous tree lined w/trophoblast contains chorionic vessel-derived vessels + intervillous space (filled w/maternal blood from spiral arteries)

🗑

basal plate

maternal side of internal placenta. where maternal decidua attaches to myometrium

🗑

trophoblast lining of the embryonic villi

1) syncytiotrophoblast cells (outermost, cell fusion-> no intercellular space!). 2) cytotrophoblasts (innermost) = proliferative stem cells.

🗑

Types of Villi

Stem: thick folds in chorionic plate w/medium vessels, macrophages & lots of mesenchyme. Terminal: Branching from stem, lots of fetal capillaries (gas exchange). Anchoring: connect placenta to maternal decidual tissue.

🗑

Fetal Blood flow to/from placenta

DEOXY: umbilical artery -> chorionic -> stem villus -> branching vessels -> capillaries. OXY: mergin veinous vessels -> stem villus -> chorionic -> umbilical veins

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Implantation stages

1) Blastocyst attaches (mid-secretory phase). 2) Trophoblast invades endometrium. 3) Primitive villi + maternal blood supply. 4) Villi all around fetus. 5) 1/4 villi -> discoid placenta. 6) other villi degenerate to cytotroph's (chorion laeve).

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Placental barrier over the 3 Trimesters

1st: Syncytio & Cytotrophs, Mesenchyme, Fetal Endothel, central vessels, thick/short branches. 2nd: Cytotrophs decline & fetal capillaries-> basement membrane. 3d: Synctiotroph's & Endothel, thin branched villi, Syncytiotroph "knots", peripheral vessels.

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Transport to embryo

1. passive diffusion (gas/vitamins), 2. assisted diffusion (glucose), 3. Active Transport (aa's/Ca), 4. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (Protein/Transferrin/IgG)

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Development of Embryonic Decidua

Late Secretory Phase, develops from endometrium stroma -> maternal tissue & placental & non-placental interfaces, attaches to Chorion Laeve. When decidua in opposing walls of uterus meet, they fuse -> end of uterus lumen.

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Basal Plate Region

Cytotroph's invade maternal tissue -> shell in upper decidua + extravillous population deep in decidua & myometrium. unknown fxn.

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Stem Cell Definition

1) divide & renew stem cell population. 2) differentiate into other cell types.

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Types of stem cells ""potent

1) Toti: can form any tissue. 2) Pluri: form any tissue except extraembryonic. 3) Multi: form > 2 types of cells. 4) Mono: form 1 cell type.

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Immortal Strand Hypothesis

Tagged chromosome strands are all sequestered to the same daughter cell = exact clone of stem cell.

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Adult Stem Cells

Found in mature organ, self-renew & regenerate all cells of organ, maintain & repair. = "somatic" stem cell. scarce & mostly quiescent.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cells

MSC's: multipotent, embryonic, large capacity fo self-renewal, can be used up in adult, but a few remain.

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Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

= Satellite Cells, bt/w sarcolemma & external lamina, activated by injury, monopotent (although evidence for cardio/skeletal muscle stem cell)

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Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Multipotent (myeloid & Lymphoid, Macrophages & Mast Cells), found in femur/hip/ribs/sternum, etc. Can form muscle/fat/epithelium.

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Biphasic Model of Injury Response

1) minor injury -> resident cells repair. 2) major injury -> circulating stem cell contribution. Transdifferentiation vs. Stem Cell fusion w/tissue-specific stem cells.

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Niche

Tissue subdomain housing one/more stem cell types (e.g. bone/GI/skin). Regulates/Protects/Houses stem cells.

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Hair Follicle Stem Cell Niche

= HF. 2/3 up anagen follicle = Bulge Region w/multipotent stem cells. replenish matrix stem cells & maintain sebaceous gland & epidermal stem cells. May also be stem cells in interfollicular epithelium (IFE) & sebaceous glands (SG).

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GI Stem Cells

1) Near base of crypts (intestine/colon). Express EphB that keeps them in crypt & make Hh & Wnt -> villus cells express BMP4 (end proliferation) or 2) isthmus & neck of gastric gland (stomach). Fibroblasts maintain niche

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Germ Cell Niche

1) Spermatogonia (monopotent) in Niche supported by Sertoli Cells. Telomerase expressed ONLY in proliferating stem cells. Spermatogonia -> Transit Amplifying Cells -> Terminally Differentiated Cells.

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Embryonic Stem Cells

Primitive Stem Cells from 20-25 cells in Inner Cell Mass of Blastocyst. Can undergo unlimited symmetric cell divisions w/out differentiation. When injected inside kidney capsule = ONLY pluripotent (why?).

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ESC problems (embryonic stem cell)

1) purity, 2) cancer, 3) source, 4) ethics

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Alternatives to using ESC's

1) SCNT = Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Remove oocyte nucleus & inject adult diploid nucleus, harvest inner cell mass. 2) Therapeutic Cloning: of ESC-like cells. 3) iPS: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells reprogrammed from adult cells.

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Diseases Associated w/ Telomerase Mutations:

1) Dyskeratosis Congenita (hTERC mutation -> bone marrow failure), 2) Sporadic Bone Marrow Failure, 3) Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

🗑

Cells Expressing Telomerase

Hair Follicle Cells, interfollicular epithelium (IFE) cells, Transit Amplifying Epithelium, Liver Oval Stem Cells, Crypt Cells (intestine), Spermatocytes, Bone Marrow Stem Cells

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Common symptoms of dyskeratosis congenita

abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, bone marrow failure, leukoplakia (precancerous lesion on tongue or inside of cheek)

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Gross structure of the pituitary gland

1) adenohypophysis (ant.) develops from Rathke's pouch. Pars Distalis (largest part), Pars Intermedia = thin wall adjacent to pars nervosa, Pars Tuberalis (sheath around infundibulum). 2) Neurohypophysis (post.) PVN & SON nerve terminals, infundibulum

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Pars Intermedia

thin cellular partition containing small cysts (residual lumen of Rathke's pouch). -> proopiomelanocortin & alphaMSH in fetus, no fxn after birth.

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Pars Distalis

Herlant's Stain: chromophils (hormone-secreting), chromophobes.

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Pars Tuberalis

chromophils + chromophobes, hypophyseal portal veins

🗑

Pituitary Acidophilic Chromophils

GH (somatotrope), PRL (lactotroph)

🗑

Pituitary Basophilic Chromophils

ACTH (corticotrope), FSH/LH (gonadotrope), TSH (thyrotrope)

🗑

Blood supply to the pituitary

Superior Hypophyseal Arteries from internal carotid -> Pars Tuberalis, Median Eminence, Infundibulum. NO direct supply to ant. adenohypophysis. Hypophyseal portal system in median eminence & infundibulum.

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Goiter

TSH overstimulation

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Neurohypophysis

pars nervosa + infundibulum, pituicyte (astrocyte specific to neurohypophysis) & Herring Bodies (store OXT&AVP). storage site for hypothalamic hormones.

🗑

OXT function

stiulate myoepithelial cells in mammary glands & uterine contractions

🗑

AVP

concentrate urine, decrease perspiration following dehydration

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Pineal Gland

encapsulated, septa w/incomplete lobules, nerves & vessels in septa. Pinealocytes produce Melatonin in darkness (large cells), interstitial glial cells (small, 5% of cells), Corpora Arenacea (Ca & Mg PO4 in glycoprotein, larger w/age)

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Thyroid Gland

makes calcitonin, T3/4. Follicular cells (secrete T3/T4) = simple cuboidal, line colloid chamber (thyroglobulin= T3/4 precursor) & phagocytose colloid to make hormone. Parafollicular cells (from neural crest) make calcitonin, scattered in basal lamina.

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Calcitonin

made by parafollicular thyroid cells. stimulated by high Ca @ calcitonin R's.

🗑

Grave's Disease

Autoimmune disease -> Abs that bind & activate TSH. Enlarged Thyroid gland (hyperthyroid disease).

🗑

Simple Goiter

Caused by Iodine insufficiency

🗑

Parathyroid Glands

4 glands. Chief/Principal Cells (make PTH, small & polygonal w/central nucleus). Oxyphil Cells (unknown fxn, more in elderly, granular eosinophilic due to accumulated abnormal Mt's).

🗑

PTH

regulates circulating Ca & PO4. stimulated by low Ca. Targets bone & kidney.

🗑

Hyperparathyroidism

high PTH/bone reabsorption/circulating Ca. Ca deposits in kidney & vessel walls. caused by benign tumor of parathyroid.

🗑

Adrenal Cx

Cx = 90% of adrenals x weight. Zona Glomerulosa -> Aldo (10-15% cortical volume). Zona fasciculata in middle -> CORT (50-80% cortical volume). Zona reticularis inner -> DHEA-S (5-25% cortical volume) LIPOFUSCIN.

🗑

Adrenal Medulla

Chromaffin Cells (modified neuornal cells), large dense core granules = NorEpi. Small homogenous pale granules = Epi. CORT from Cx stimulates enzyme that converts NorEpi to Epi.

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Addison's Disease

autoimmune destruction of adrenal Cx

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Cushing's Disease

pituitary tumor -> too much ACTH.

🗑

Pancreatic Islet: alpha cells

20% of cells, secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia -> elevates blood glucose, free FA's & ketones

🗑

Pancreatic Islet: delta cells

10% of cells, secrete somatostatin (paracrine) -> inhibits alpha & beta cells

🗑

Pancreatic Islet: beta cells

60-70% of cells, secrete insulin in response to hyperglycemia (lowers blood glucose, free FAs & ketones), mostly in center of Islet.

🗑

Pancreatic Islet Cell problems

Low insulin production/insulin resistance, 2) Diabetes Mellitus: insulin-dependent (Type I), insulin-independent (Type II)

🗑

Layers of Eye Wall

1) Corneoscleral (outer): white of eye, dense connective tissue, light enters @ cornea (v. refractive). 2) Choroid (=Uvea) (middle) contains vessels. 3) Retina (inner) rods & cones, part of CNS

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Cornea fxn

protection, structure, filters bad wavelengths, focuses. NO blood vessels/pigment. Inflammation from limbus. Lots of nerve endings.

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Cornea structure

1) Stratified Squamous Epithel. 2) Bowman's Membrane (collagen), 3) Stroma (makes collagen) keratocytes (modified fibroblasts), 4) Descemet's Membrane (thick basal lamina of endothelium) collagen, 5) Endothelium (simple squamous + tight jxns)

🗑

Radial Keratotomy

Incision near center of cornea to correct mild myopia.

🗑

Astigmatic Keratotomy

incision on steep cornea to correct astigmatism

🗑

Photorefractive Keratotomy

Eximer Lasers (non-thermal) correct myopia, hyperopia, & astigmatism

🗑

LASIK

Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis. Eximer laser corrects myopia, hyperopia, & astigmatism. Removes part of stroma, but not epithelium or Bowman's membrane.

🗑

Limbus

Located @ jxn of cornea & sclera, marked by disappearance of Bowman's Membrane & vasculature present in stroma.

🗑

Conjunctiva

Lines inner surface of eyelid & eye surface around cornea, epithelium continuous w/skin epithelium. GOBLET CELLS.

🗑

Lens of the Eye

1) Capsule (refractive collagen in basal lamina), 2) Simple Cuboidal epithelum (anterior only), 3) Flattened Lens Fibers (cellular, post-mitotic, anuclear, span entire lens width, gap jxns), 4) Zonules (elastic fibrillin supports lens).

🗑

Presbyopia

loss of lens elasticity in 4th decade of life

🗑

Cataracts

=loss of lens transparency

🗑

Retina Fxn

1) Photoreception of images, 2) transmission of image info to brain, 3) Prevents light backscattering.

🗑

Major Layers & Cell Type of Retina (posterior->anterior)

1) Rods & Cones, 2) Outer Limiting Membrane, 3) External Nuclear Layer, 4) External Plexiform Layer, 5) Internal Nuclear Layer, 6) Internal Plexiform Layer, 7) Ganglion Cell Layer, 8) Innermost Nerve Fiber Layer

🗑

Rod & Cone Layer of retina

1st layer, modified dendrites of rods & cones

🗑

Outer Limiting Membrane of retina

2nd layer, tight jxns b/tw photoreceptor cells & Muller glial cells

🗑

External Nuclear Layer of retina

3d layer, cell bodies of photoreceptor neurons

🗑

Internal Nuclear Layer of retina

5th layer, axons of photoreceptor cells + axons/dendrites of bipolar/horizontal/amacrine cells

🗑

Internal Plexiform Layer of retina

6th layer, dendrites & axons of bipolar, horizontal, amacrine cells

🗑

Ganglion Cell Layer of retina

7th layer, cell bodies & axons of ganglion neurons

🗑

Innermost Layer of retina

8th Nerve Fiber Layer, axons of ganglion cells

🗑

Pigmented Epithelium of retina

non-neuronal cells prevent backscattering of light, adjacent to choroid

🗑

Rods

light intensity, no color. not found in fovea, increase in [] further away from fovea, Contain Rhodopsin (GPCR's opsin + Vitamin A)

🗑

Cones

color, mostly found in fovea. Iodopsin (red/green/blue).

🗑

Fovea Centralis of Retina

highest visual acuity, most photoreceptors, no vessels. Macula Lutea = yellow zone around fovea. Optic Disc = blind spot where optic nerve joins eye.

🗑

Uvea of Eye (Iris, ciliary body, choroid)

Dilator pupillae = radial muscle, Constrictor Pupillae = circular. Posterior Epithelium (blue cells, block light). Anterior Pigment Myoepithelial Layer (melanin, part of dilator pupillae). vessels, fibroblasts, melanocytes. no anterior epithelium.

🗑

Melanocytes of the Iris & Eye color

In stroma layer. lots of them -> brown eyes. middle amounts = green eyes. few of them = blue eyes.

🗑

Ciliary Body

disk-shaped w/hollow core lined by ciliary processes. outer layer = pigmented epithelium w/tight jxns, inner = nonpigmented epithelium. Highly vascularized stroma.

🗑

Inner Layer of Ciliary Body

non-pigmented, produces zonules anchored to basal lamina that insert into lens capsule

🗑

Function of Ciliary Body

Radially arranged ligaments (zonules) connect ciliary processes to edge of lens -> holds lens in place. when ciliary muscle contracts -> lens thickens for seeing nearby. Make aqueous humor.

🗑

Aqueous Humor

pumped into posterior chamber by inner epithelial layer of Ciliary Body. Contains small amounts of protein, lots of pyruvate & lactate.

🗑

Outflow Tract of Uvea

Aqueous Humor exits ant. chamber through trabecular meshwork w/leaky endothelium @ jxn of limbus & iris -> Canal of Schlemm vein -> Episcleral Vein -> general circulation

🗑

Glaucoma

Fluid pressure in eye increases due to aqueous humor inflow > outflow

🗑

Pathway of Light through the eyeball

cornea, anterior chamber, lens, vitreous body, retina

🗑

Where is one of the only places in the body that true stratified ciliated epithelium occurs?

In the transition between pseudostratified ciliated epithelium & stratified squamous epithelium in the upper 1/3 of the oropharynx.

🗑

Where is elastin found in the upper respiratory tract?

In the space between the mucosal lamina propria and the submucosa

🗑

Where does detoxification occur in the liver?

Smooth ER of Hepatocytes

🗑

Which cells serve to concentrate bile from the liver?

Gall bladder epithelial cells lining the cystic duct concentrate bile by pumping Na on basal side (water follows)

🗑

What structure prevents the cystic duct lumen from collapsing under high pressures?

Abundant spiral smooth muscle in the ductal wall

🗑

Where are intercalated ducts located with striated ducts?

Salivary Glands. Pancreas has only intercalated ducts leading to interlobular ducts.

🗑

Primary location of macrophages & dendritic cells in lymph nodes

Macrophages: mostly in medullary cords, some in follicles. Dendritic Cells: mostly in parafollicular region, some in follicles.

🗑

Structural Difference between Tonsils & Lymph Nodes

Tonsils = no medulla region, no afferent lymphatics (absorb fluid via epithelium)

🗑

Location of lymph follicles in the stomach:

In the mucosal layer.

🗑

Where do plasma cells mature?

1) Lymph node medullary cord, 2) peripheral tissue

🗑

Spleen lymphatics

Efferent but not Afferent

🗑

Where are endothelial cells long, plump, and longitudinally oriented?

Spleen venous sinuses

🗑

Fine structure of primary vs. 2ndary lymph organs

primary: stellate epithelial cells mostly, 2ndary: reticular cells & reticulum.

🗑

Location of dendritic cells in thymus

near cortico-medullary junction

🗑

Which are the only cells in the human body that store osmiophilic lipid droplets in their mitochondria?

Granulosa Lutein Cells (make progesterone)

🗑

Which sperm progenitor cells do NOT express "foreign" antigens?

Spermatogonia

🗑

What is the only tissue in the body that contains a true ciliated epithelium?

Efferent Ductules (pseudostratified "scalloped" columnar)

🗑

What hormone modulates sperm concentration and where does this occur?

Estrogen in the Efferent Ductules increases Na reabsorption and water follows.

🗑

Which cells are the main source of ovarian & cervical cancers?

Ovariaon = Mesothelium cells. Cervical = Exernal Os.

🗑

What are the signaling triggers for ovarian follicle development?

1) FSH stimulates 2ndary follicle development. 2) LH stimulates 3ary follicle development.

🗑

What hormone is produced by the theca lutea compared with the granulosa lutea?

Theca -> androstenedione. Granulosa lutea-> P4 & E2.

🗑

Which sexual glands are tubuloalveolar?

Bulbourethral (male), Mammary (female)

🗑

What does the placenta secrete?

Cholesterol, free FAs, Glycogen, aa's

🗑

cells that can develop from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC's)

adipocyte, osteoblast/clast, chondrocyte, smooth muscle cell, fibroblast

🗑

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