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UTSW Cell Bio Final
UT Southwestern School of Medicine Cell Biology 2010 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells of the olfactory mucosa | upper 1/3-2/3 of nasal cavity: 1) support/sustentacular cells, 2) olfactory bulb cells, 3) basal cells, 4) serous glands in lamina propria secrete coating material for apical side |
| olfactory bulb cells | dendritic surface (apical) = >2 cilia w/olfactory G-coupled receptors, basal surface -> axon (olfactory nerve) |
| olfactory basal cells | progenitor cells that divide & replace worn-out olfactory cells |
| vocal cords | non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (high air flow prevents pseudostratified ciliated cells). include skeletal muscle for swallow/talk |
| trachea | w/age cartilage -> bone, smooth muscle & elastic tissue @ rear. mucosa (epithel. + lamina propria + layer of elastin + basement membrane), submucosa (+ mixed glands), cartilage, adventitia |
| cells of the pseudostratifed ciliated tracheal epithelium | 1 ciliated, 2 goblet, 3 brush (receptor connected to sympathetic afferents), 4 small granule (enteroendocrine), 5 basal |
| bronchial acinus | = smallest unit in a lobule, contains single alveolar duct + its alveoli |
| primary bronchi | cartilage plates, smooth muscle in opposite spirals, submucosal glands |
| bronchioles (0.3-0.5 mm diam) | no cartilage, transition -> simple cuboidal epithelium, fewer ciliated & goblet cells, more Clara cells, NO GLANDS, lots of smooth muscle |
| terminal bronchioles | thin smooth muscle layer, irregularly shaped lumen, ciliated cuboidal epithelium, no goblet cells, many Clara cells |
| respiratory bronchioles | bronchioles attached to thin walled alveoli lined w/squamous epithelium, |
| alveoli | terminal sacs, separated by interalveolar septum (semi-circular). v. thin connective tissue w/capillaries, squamous epithelium: Type I, pyramidal type II cells, smooth muscle, endothelium, fibroblasts, macrophages. |
| Type II alveolar cells | frothy cytoplasm (vacuoles), pyramidal shaped, @ corner of alveoli, make surfactant (contain lamellar bodies that store it) |
| alveolar macrophages | phagocytose foreign particles & are expectorated. derive from monocytes. |
| Type I alveolar cells | suqamous epithelium, thin nucleus, thin extensions (can't be seen) |
| minimal alveolar layers | minimum layer = surfactant, Type I cell + basal lamina endothelial cell + basal lamina |
| surfactant | lipoproteins 2/dipalmitoyl lecithin |
| Clara cells | contribute to surfactant production |
| Components of the renal cortex | Renal corpuscles (granular), nephron, collecting tubules, vessels, medullary rays (straight tubules & straight collecting tubules) |
| Components of the renal medulla | Renal pyramids, renal columns of Bertin, medullary rays (continuous w/cortex) |
| Components of one lobe of the kidney | 1 renal pyramid + associated cortex + ½ of each cortical column beside it (6-12 per kidney) |
| Components of one nephron | 1) renal corpuscle (=glomerulus+Bowman’s capsule). 2) proximal convoluted tubule, 3) proximal straight tubule. 4) descending thin limb. 5) Ascending thin limb. 6) Thick ascending limb. 7) Macula densa. 8) Distal convoluted tubule. 9) Collecting tubule |
| Cortical nephron | =subcapsular nephron. Renal corpuscle is located in outer part of cortex. Short loop of Henle that barely enters |
| Juxtamedullary nephron | Renal corpuscle @ inner cortex. Long loops of Henle run deep into medulla. Specialized for concentrating urine. |
| Components of the Renal Corpuscle | 1) Arterioles(enter & exit @ vascular pole). 2) Bowman’s Capsule. 3) Glomerulus |
| Structure of Bowman’s Capsule | Epithelial cells covering capillaries & lining wall of corpuscle = Bowman’s Capsule. Squamous cells lining corpuscle = PARIETAL LAYER, squamous podocytes lining capillaries = VISCERAL LAYER. |
| Filtration @ Glomerulus | 1) capillary endothel. blocks RBCs & WBCs. 2) Lamina Lucida Interna: polyanions prevent (-) molecules passing. 3) lamina densa: type IV collagen = physical barrier. 4) lamina lucida externa: (-) charged also. 5) podocyte filtration slits. 6) Mesangium |
| Podocytes | = visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule. Long PEDICEL processes contact glomerular basement membrane. Form filtration Slits. |
| Mesangium | Mesangial cells (phagocytic) clean protein etc. from glomerular basement membrane. structural support for podocytes (in glomerulus) & for vascular pole (extraglomerular). PAS positive. |
| Physiology of proximal tubules | Resorb 65% filtrate + salt, aa’s, sugar, + peptides (endocytosis). |
| Structure of proximal tubules | 1) brush border. 2) infolding of basal processes. 3) Basal striations (long mitochondria in basal processes in convoluted tubule only). |
| Loope of Henle fxn | Creates & maintains high osmolarity found in medullary interstitium |
| Loop of Henle | Thin Limb = simple squamous epithelium. Descending part = water-permeable. -> hypertonic filtrate. Ascending part + thick limb = water-impermeable + salt-permeable (passive & active transport). |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus components | 1) Efferent & afferent arterioles. 2) macula densa. 3) juxtaglomerular cells. 4) extraglomerular mesangial cells. |
| Macula Densa | Last part of thick ascending limb of renal tubule. Tall thick epithelial layer & prominent nuclei, near vascular pole. |
| Distal Convulted Tubule (DCT) | Site of Na & water resorbtion. Less curly than the proximal convoluted tubule. Simple cuboidal epithelium is thinner than that of the proximal tubule. Lumen = wider, no brush border (no need for extra surface area b/c no ion pumping). |
| Renovascular Hypertension | low blood to glomerulus -> renin released -> ANGII activated. Ang+Aldo -> hypertension. |
| Collecting Tubules | In medullary rays, transport urine to collecting ducts of Bellini (medulla) |
| Ducts of Bellini | Collecting ducts in medulla, transport urine to minor calyx of the papilla |
| Function of collecting tubules & ducts | Urea contribution -> high osmolarity of inner medulla. Control urine concentration (ADH) |
| AVP | =ADH. Epithelial cells in collecting tubules & ducts respond by changing water permeability -> determines [urine] |
| Diabetes insipidus | Latin = tasteless. Large amounts of hypotonic urine produced when no ADH. |
| Types of Efferent Arterioles | 1) drain cortical nephrons: peritubular capillary network around tubules, resorb water & ions. 2) drain juxtamedullary nephrons: peritubular capillaries of vasa recta (can reach down along loop of Henle). |
| Vasa Recta | Maintains high osmolarity of medulla. Permeable to salt & water. Osmolarity increases w/descent into medulla & decreases w/ascent. |
| Transitional epithelium of the urinary system | Transitional epithel. in renal calyces, pelvis, ureter, bladder. Wall thickness increases from upper to lower urinary tract. Impermeable to salt & water. Distensible. As bladder distends, ureter openings are compressed (prevents reflux) |
| Muscle layers of the bladder | Inner: longitudinal. Outer: circular. Sometimes extra outer longitudinal. |
| Tissue layers of the Bladder | Epithelium, lamina propria, longitudinal smooth muscle, circular/spiral smooth muscle. |
| function of the larynx | conducts air between the pharynx & trachea |
| which histological characteristics could be used to distinguish the trachea from intrapulmonary bronchi? | 1) trachea contains cartilage rings while the intrapulmonary bronchi contain cartilage plates. 2) the smooth muscle is distributed differently. HOW??? |
| layers of the digestive tube | 1) mucosa (epithel + lamina propria loose connective tissue, muscularis mucosae), 2) suubmucosa (thick connective tissue), 3) muscularis externa, 4) serosa, 5) mesentery |
| digestive regions covered w/serosa vs. adventitia: | adventitia: esophagus, rectum. serosa: stomach, intestines. |
| serosa components | mesothelial cells |
| muscularis externa structure | inner circular muscle (contracts tube), outer longitudinal muscle (shortens tube). controlled by Auerbach's plexus. |
| submucosa structure | dense connective tissue, contains Meissner's plexus & submucosal glands |
| mucosa structure | epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae |
| Crypts of Lieberkuhn | mucosal glands in the small intestine (begin @ bottom of intervillous space). made of epithelial cells resting on basement membrane & surrounded by lamina propria. |
| cell types in the lamina propria | stomach: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts, smooth muscle. s.i.: also capillaries & lacteals. |
| muscularis mucosae of GI tract | inner circular & outer longitudinal muscle (except esophagus has only outer longitudinal) |
| muscularis externa in esophagus | upper 1/3 is voluntary striated for swallowing |
| esophageal glands | submucosal glands + cardiac glands near stomach in lamina propria |
| mucus glands in the stomach | gastric pits w/base above muscularis mucosae, fundic/oxyntic glands in fundus |
| gastric gland cells | 1. surface mucous, 2) mucous neck, 3) parietal, 4) chief, 5) enteroendocrine, 5) gastric progenitor |
| gastric surface mucous cell identification | mucous PAS-staining granules in Apical side of cell. Found in surface & pits. |
| gastric mucous neck cell ID | beneath pit in the neck of the gland. dark granules in EM throughout cytoplasm. |
| gastric parietal cells ID | In neck of gland, many mitochondria maintain energy for ion gradients, invaginations of surface membrane, PAS-staining tubulo-vesicular structures. Make intrinsic factor & HCl. |
| gastric chief cells ID | base of tubular glands, dark/light granules, lots of rER/Golgi/zymogen granules. Make pepsinogen. |
| gastric enteroendocrine cells | ECL/Argentaffin/APUD cells. single-cell endocrine glands. in Epithelium. Secrete into lamina propria. BASAL granules. diverse cell-types. |
| gastric muscularis externa cells | longitudinal, circular, oblique smooth muscle. INCLUDES pyloric-duodenal sphincter. |
| valve of Kerckring | small intestine infoldings w/submucosal core (=plicae circulares) |
| Brunner's glands | submucosal glands in duodenum (empty into bottom of crypts) |
| s.i. epithelium cell tpes | absorptive, goblet, Paneth, enteroendocrine, progenitor (not detectable by conventional methods). |
| Absorptive cells of s.i. | enterocytes on villi. microvilli, glycocalyx, lots of mitochondria, chylomicrons, ER = TAGs reassembled & packeaged into chylomicrons |
| Paneth cells | small intestines @ base of crypts, produce antibiotics to regulate GI bacteria, eosinophilic refractile granules contain Lysozyme & Alpha Defensin (disrupts bacterial cells)regulation by bacteria & CCK. inovlved in IBDs. |
| mucus glands in the s.i. | no submucosal glands in ileum & jejunum. ileum contains Peyer's patches. |
| colon histology | crypts have lots of goblet cells & secrete mucus. no lymphatics in lamina propria. |
| hepatocytes | exocrine: bile. into blood: albumin, glucose, fibrinogen, prothrombin, hormones. arranged in plates. store glucose as glycogen, form walls of canaliculi, remove bilibrubin, metabolize toxins in smooth ER |
| blood supply to liver | portal vein 75%, hepatic artery 25%. central vein -> hepatic vein -> vena cava |
| liver lobule organization | central vein @ center, hepatocyte plates, portal triad define edges. blood/bile countercurrent. |
| Portal Triad | = Portal Radical. portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct lined w/cholangiocytes, lymph vessels, connective tissue, nerves. |
| Space of Disse | bt/w endothelial cytoplasm & hepatocyte, contains connective tissue & microvilli, produces 50% of lymph delivered to heart |
| Kupffer cells | Monocytic phagocyte, stretch over sinusoidal lumen, ingest bacteria & worn-out RBCs |
| Hepatic Stellate Cells | in Space of Disse, store vitamin A, produce type I collagen in liver fibrosis |
| liver recovery from damage | compensatory hyperplasia = cells in each remaining lobe divide. hepatocytes can produce more hepatocytes & liver progenitor cells. Bone marrow -> endothelial & Kupffer cells. |
| gall bladder tissue layers | Simple columnar epithelium, smooth muscle, loose connective tissue + plasma cells->IgA, serosa. Spiral valves regulate flow into/out of gall bladder. |
| Pancreatic Acinar cell secretions | centroacinar = 1st cell of duct. acinus -> intercalated duct -> interlobular duct -> pancreatic duct. Merocrine secretion. No myoepithelial cells. |
| serous demilunes | line of serous cells located near edge of alivary gland acinus in crescent shape |
| salivary gland ducts | acinus -> cuboidal intercalated duct -> columnar striated duct (basal cells infolded & full of mitochondria). myoepithelial cells above basement membrane directly contact acinar cells -> squeeze for secretions |
| innate immunity | physical + chemical. phagocytes (neutrophils/macrophages) + large granular lymphocytes. |
| acquired immunity | specificity: only bad antigens. adaptive: no response until antigen. memory: additional encounters -> faster & stronger response. |
| Type of lymphocytes | B-cells, T-cells, small "immunocompetent but naive" cells that have never seen an antigen |
| activated B lymphocytes | "humoral immunity", large glycoprotein Ab's (eg. IgA & IgE). Each individual cell only expresses one specific Ab. Differentiate into plasma cells. |
| IgA | Ab's that withstand mucus environments |
| IgE | Ab's that activate mast cell degranulation |
| T-lymphocytes | "cell-mediated immunity". Naive T-cells activated by APC's -> express receptors specific for antigens bound to cells. NO Ab's! Only 1 receptor-type per individual cell. |
| Cytotoxic T cells | Tc cells. Bind antigen -> kills target directly (e.g. virus-infected cells). |
| Helper T cells | Th cells. Secrete paracrine cytokines that recruit & activate other cells. |
| Th1 cells | Inflammatory Helper T-cells. release cytokines to recruit macrophages -> initiate inflammation |
| Th2 cells | helper T-cells that activate B-cells for humoral immunity |
| Regulatory T cells | Treg= "suppressor" T cells (Ts). Produce cytokines that inhibit immune response. |
| phases of the immune response | 1) Cognitive (Ab or Receptor-binding), 2) Activation phase (lymph organs produce clones), 3) effector phase (Ab's & Tc & Th1 clear antigen |
| Clonality | Naive T-cells differentiate into activated Tc, Th, & Ts cells |
| APCs | antigen presenting cells. = dendritic cells. abundant in lymph nodes. |
| Activation phase of Lymphocyte Differentiation | 1) Naive T cells meet APC's & differentiate into Th, Treg, & Tc clones. 2) B cells differentiate into plasma cells (make same Ab as parent B-cell). 3) Th cells make cytokines -> B cells become plasma cells & T cells become Tc, + memory cells from both. |
| problems w/antigen specificity | V. few lymphocytes per antigen, It's a big body, lymphocytes + antigen + APC must all be @ site |
| lymph organs | primary: thymus, bone marrow (produce naive T & B cells constantly). secondary: adenoid, tonsil, heart, spleen, blood vessels, lymph nodes & vessels, appendix, Peyer's Patches (generate responses to antigens; naive cells tour around constantly) |
| Lymphopoiesis | antigen-induced B & T-cell differentiation |
| Lymph node anatomy | multiple afferent lymphatics -> subcapsular sinus where Lymph bathes follicle w/germinal B cells & parafollicular region w/T cells -> medullary sinus where medullary cord is -> 1 efferent duct @ hilum (also where blood vessels enter & leave). |
| lymph node structural support | 1) capsule (type I collagen), 2) trabeculae, 3) reticular fibers + reticulum cells = fine support + baffle effect |
| lymph node outer Cx | = where B cells are activated. round follicles w/lots of B cells only a few T cells. APCs in parafollicular region. 2ndary follicles have pale center = germinal center for B cell activation. small vessels. |
| Contents of a Germinal Center | 1) proliferating cells, 2) differentiating cells (large lymphocytes), 3) apoptotic cells, 4) macrophages eating apoptotic cells, follicular-dendritic cells |
| Lymph node Deep Cx | = Parafollicular area. lots of T cells. Site of T-cell activation, APC's present in parafollicular regions (can't be distinguished from retinaculum) |
| Lymph node medullary cords | large veins, reticular cells & fibers, macrophages filter lymph, lymphocytes (naive & T cells, immature plasma cells), mature plasma cells that secrete Ab's into lymph |
| Lymph node Medullary sinuses | pale staining, contain lymph, reticulum cells, reticular fibers, lymphocytes, immature plasma cells, discontinuous plump endothelium |
| Lymph flow through nodes | 1) protein, microorganisms, lymphocytes from organs, dendritic cells from periphery that phagocytosed stuff. 2) filtration by macrophages in medullary cords. 3) dendritic cells settle in cortex. |
| high endothelial venules | endothelium of post-venule capillaries in lymph nodes. have tall endothelial cells that carry lymphocytes across via receptor-mediated processes |
| Mucosal Lymph Tissue | eg. tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches. Structure = follicles but no medulla, efferent lymph ducts only. M cells in intestinal epithelium, dendritic cells in lamina propria send extensions to epithelium. lymph tissue can be induced on any mucosal surface. |
| Where do plasma cells mature? | Medullary cords -> secrete Ab's into blood |
| Dendritic cell location in lymph nodes | found in lymph node cortex, NOT in medullary cords/sinus |
| naive lymph cell travels | HEV -> lymph node -> medullary cords -> sinus -> efferent lymphatic -> blood -> other lymph organs |
| B-cell travels | 1. develop in bone marrow, 2. -> medullary cords -> become plasma cells -> secrete Abs into blood, OR 2. -> mucosal lamina propria (or breast/salivary glands) -> large granulocyte -> IgA secretion |
| T-cell travels | develop in thymus-> lymph nodes -> lose HEV R's when see antigen-> display inflammation & post-capillary venule R's-> lymph-> blood-> periphery-> lymph again if don't see Ag |
| Spleen fxnl compartments | 1. capsule, 2. red pulp: venous sinuses, 3. white pulp: like lymph node Cx, 4. Perifollicular Zone: efferent lymphatics but doesn't filter, 5. trabeculae, 6. basement membrane rings around sinuses |
| splenic red pulp fxn's | venous sinuses w/anastamoses & longitudinal plump endothel cells + slits: block stiff unhealthy cells + shear off reticulocyte organelle baggage. Billroth's strands. Macrophages: filter, eat unhealthy cells, retrieve Fe. |
| splenic white pulp fxn | central artery. periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) = T-cells. APC's, B-cells in follicles. site of lymphocyte activation. |
| splenic vasculature | central artery -> penicillar arterioles -> capillaries dump into -> Billroth's strands (baffle) -> endothelial cell slits w/macrophages -> venous sinus -> trabecular veins |
| Billroth's strands | Found in red pulp of spleen, type 3 collagen baffle + macrophages bt/w capillaries & sinuses. Also contain plasma cells & reticulum cells. |
| Lymphocyte development | Thymus/Bone marrow. NO Ag's present! |
| Thymus structure | bilobed, recesses in puberty -> fat. capsule + septa (major support, large vessels, connective tissue & mast cells)-> incomplete lobules. stellate epithelial reticular cells = fine support. Outer Cx = mostly dense thymocytes (lymphocytes). |
| T-cell development | bone marrow lymphocyte -> outer thymus Cx -> proliferation -> stellate epithelial reticular cells release growth factors in Ag-free environment -> naive immunocompetent T-cell (Ag & migration R's expressed) |
| Thymus Cx | macrophages, thymocytes, epithelial reticular cells, dendritic cells near cortico-medullary jxn. Blood-Thymus Barrier + no afferent lymphatics. |
| autoreactive T-cells | selected against in Thymus Cx. >90% thymus cells. die by apoptosis -> eaten by macrophages. dendritic cells help select against. NOTE: good cells selected for via different process. |
| Blood-Thymus Barrier | @ Cx capillaries. Epithelial cells w/ Zonula Occludens, macrophages, epithelioreticular cells w/Zonula Occludens. |
| Thymus Medulla | thymocytes mostly differentiated, much more epithelioreticular cells + macrophages, mast & plasma cells, normal blood vessels & lymphatics, Hassal's corpuscles |
| Hassal's corpuscles | round epithelial cysts in thymus medulla -> keratinizing. unknown fxn. |
| Tunica vaginalis | overlies testes. visceral layer = simple squamous epithelium |
| Tunica albuginea of testis | inner part = tunica vasculosa (loose connective tissue + vessels) |
| mediastinum testes | posterior border of testis, tunica albuginea thickens & projects inwards. vessels/lymphatics/genital ducts pass through |
| seminiferous tubules in the testis | incomplete septa -> testis lobules (1-4 tubules per). tubules = convoluted loop + straight portion (tubuli recti/straight tubule) entering mediastinum via rete testis. surrounded by tunica propria (3-5 myoid cell layers & collagen) |
| myoid cells in testes | = peritubular contractile cells in seminiferous tubule tunica propria layer |
| Spermatogenesis Phases | 1) Spermatogonial: stem cell mitosis-> Type A-> Type B spermatocytes. 2) Spermatocyte: primary spermatocyte-> 2 diploid secondary spermatocytes-> 4 haploid spermatids. 3) Spermatid: Spermatid -> spermatozoa. |
| Phases of Spermiogenesis (Spermatid Phase) | Golgi, Cap, Acrosome, Maturation |
| Golgi Phase of Spermiogenesis | hydrolytic enzymes -> pre-acrosomal granules. Side of nucleus where granules locate = anterior pole. 1 centriole -> flagellar axoneme. |
| Cap Phase of Spermiogenesis | acrosomal vesicle spreads & condenses -> cap. |
| Acrosome Phase of Spermiogenesis | spermatid embeds head in Sertoli cell (facing tunica propria), nucleus condenses, spermatid elongates, mitochondria move to new location |
| Maturation Phase of Spermiogenesis | Excess cytoplasm is pinched off & released into seminiferous tubule lumen |
| Contents of Sperm acrosomal cap | hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase, "trypsin-like" acrosin protease |
| Sperm structure | 1) Head: acrosome @ anterior 2/3 of nucleus, 2) Tail: Neck = centrioles, middle piece = mitochondria + coarse fibers + axoneme (9/2), principal piece = sheath + coarse fibers + axoneme, end piece = axoneme |
| Sertoli cells | "true epithelium" of seminiferous tubules. Columnar, non-replicative, sit on basal lamina. release MIH in development, secrete lubricant & inhibin (inhibits FSH) |
| Blood-Testis Barrier | Sertoli-Sertoli jxnl complex = separates basal from adluminal cytoplasm, type of tight jxn. Peritubular myoid cells. Protects unique Ag-presenting sperm from immune system. May be compromised in vasectomy |
| Intracellular Bridges of Spermatogonia | Synchronize cells so they develop @ same rate, helps Sertolis maintain testis-blood barrier. |
| Types of Spermatogonia | Type A = stem cells w/dark ovoid nuclei -> type A pale cells w/lighly stained granular nuclei + cytoplasmic bridges. Type B divide -> primary spermatocytes |
| Observable Sperm Development | 6 stages requiring 74 days to develop |
| Interstitium Between Semifiersou Tubules | vessels from tunica vasculosa, loose connective tissue, Leydig cells |
| Leydig Cells | regulated by LH. large, polygonol, pink, lipid droplets, crystals of Reinke, elaborate sER for Testosterone synth, tubulovesicular Mt. |
| Tubuli Recti | connect seminiferous tubules to rete testis. Lined only by Sertoli Cells. |
| Rete Testis | simple cuboidal epithelium w/microvilli & 1 apical cilium. |
| Efferent Ductules | EXTRAtesticular. ~20/testis, connect rete testis to proximal ductus epidydimis. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium w/some basal cells & lymphocytes. Reabsorb seminiferous fluid to concentrate sperm (estrogen-controlled) |
| Ductus Epidydimis | posterior testis, has associated vessels, connective tissue, smooth muscle (3 layers in Cauda), fibrous connective tissue tunic. Caput/Corpus/Cauda. sperm acquire motility. stereociliated Principal cells + small round Basal stem cells. |
| Principal Cells of the Epidydimis | sterocilia. secrete glycerophosphocholine, sialic acid, glycoproteins. reabsorb fluid, phagocytose spermatid cytoplasmic remnants (residual bodies). get shorter in tail region. |
| Ductus Deferens | propels sperm during ejaculation. pseudostratified columnar w/stereocilia. muscle layers from in to out: longitudinal, circular, longitudinal. 1 nerve/muscle cell. site of vasectomy. Highest ratio of muscle: lumen in the body. |
| Ejaculatory Duct | takes sperm from vas deferens to urethra. simple columnar epithelium. v. little smooth muscle. |
| Seminal vesicles | accessory sex glands, add nutrition to semen: fructose, ascorbic acid + fibrinogen to clot semen. pseudostratified columnar epithelium. |
| Prostate Gland | compound tubuloalveolar accessory sex gland. smooth muscle in small bundles. pseudostratified glandular OR simple columnar epithelium. adds nutrition & fluid to semen: acid phosphatase & PSA. Prostatic concretions = calcified secretory material. |
| prostate cancer & Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | acid phosphatase & PSA = diagnostic of cancer. BPH = swollen prostate occludes lumen40% of men at 50, 90% of men at 80 years old. |
| Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's) | Accessory Sex Glands secrete preseminal fluid lubricant. found in urogenital diaphragm. Compound Tubuloalveolar glands w/simple columnar epithelium under control of testosterone. |
| Glands of Littre | mucus-secreting, found around urethra, work w/Cowper's. |
| male urethra | membranous: stratified & pseudostratified, prostatic: transitional epithelium, spongy: pseudostratified w/some squamous |
| tunica albuginea of the penis | holds corpora cavernosa & spongiosum together & encapsulates each. helicine arteries fill corpora cavernosa w/blood during erection (parasympathetic control via NO). NO also -> smooth muscle relaxation. |
| site of fertilization and cleavage of the ovum | antrum of oviduct = fertilization. cleavage in Ampulla (muscularis couners fluid flow created by cilia = zygote stays in ampulla) |
| Menstrual Cycle landmarks | Day 1 =start of bleeding, 14 = ovulation, 21 = implantation. Follicular/Menstrual+Proliferative Phase = 1st half (E2). Luteal/Secretory Phase = 2nd half (P4). |
| Ovary structure | Capsule (simple cuboidal mesothelium), Tunica Albuginea (connective tissue), Cortex (cellular stroma w/follicles), Medulla (cellular stroma w/vessels & lymph). |
| Ovary Mesothelium | cuboidal (easy to break through). site of most ovarian cancers. |
| Oogenesis | primordial germ cells -> oogonia -> primary oocyte in 5 month old fetus. millions in fetus -> 400 @ puberty (apoptosis) |
| Primordial follicle | primary oocyte, simple squamous epithelium (follicular/granulosa cells), basement membrane, fibroblast-like cells. |
| Primary follicle | oocyte enlarges, secretes glycoprotein shell (zona pellucida). follicular cells -> cuboidal & proliferate -> stratified (innermost form gap jxns). basement membrane & surrounding cells enlarge -> Theca grows blood vessels. |
| Secondary/Antral follicle | FSH -> 1)Follicular fluid= antrum 2)Membrana granulosa (lines antrum) & Cumulus Oophorus (surrounds zona pellucida) proliferate. 3)Theca interna cells make androstenedione (C19)-> follicular cells convert to estrogen (C18). 4)Theca externa (myoid cells) |
| contents of antrum/central lake | hyaluronic acid, estrogen, nutrients for the oocyte |
| Graafian Follicle (mature) | LH-> large (>1 cm), Cumulus Oophorus frees from Membrana Granulosa. Oocyte -> arrested in metaphase as 2ndary oocyte |
| Follicular maturation time-scale | takes several months. many sizes of follicles are seen @ any one time. Most follicles undergo atresia. |
| Follicular Atresia | Small follicles: Oocyte, zona pellucida & follicular cells collapse & disappear. Large: same + macrophages phagocytose, theca interna cells enlarge & vacuolize, follicle collapses-> connective tissue. basement membrane-> glassy membrane (hyaline). |
| Follicular Cell types | Membrana Granulosa, Cumulus Oophorus |
| Ovulation | 1) follicle moves to ovary wall, 2) ischemia + proteolysis -> follicle wall/tunica albuginea/mesothelium break down, 3) cumulus oophorus + contents leaks out, 4) membrana granulosa-> corpus luteum, 5) fimbriae approaches ovary & cilia beat |
| Corpus Luteum Formation | 1)Fibrin clot forms, 2)Basement membrane breaks down -> connective tissue, vessels-> sinusoidal capillaries in granulosa. 3)Follicular cells-> Granulosa Lutein Cells: make progesterone + estrogen. Theca Interna-> Theca lutein cells. |
| Theca Lutein cells | have same fxn as theca interna cells, but different morphology |
| Corpus Luteum Degradation | W/out pregnancy -> deteriorates in 2 weeks into corpus albicans (disappears w/in several months) |
| Oviduct tissue layers | Serosa (vessels+connective tissue), Muscularis (moves sperm & eggs), Mucosa (simple columnar epithelium + lamina propria). |
| Oviduct Mucosa | simple columnar epithelium + lamina propria. Ciliated & Secretory Cells, Intraepithelial Lymphocytes |
| Substructures of the Oviduct | 1)Infundibulum: fimbriae & ciliated cells. 2)Ampulla: mucosal folds, ciliated cells, thin muscularis (circular in + longitudinal out). 3)isthmus: low mucosal folds, few ciliated cells, thick muscularis. 4) Intramural: smooth mucosa, thickest muscularis. |
| Fertility treatment for in vitro fertilization | Give high [FSH] to increase # developing follicles |
| mitochondrial lipid droplets | found ONLY in granulosa lutein cells & only in humans. osmiophilic in EM. |
| uterus gross structure | 1) perimetrium (serosa), 2) Myometrium (disorganized smooth muscle), 3) Endometrium (mucosa) |
| Endometrial anatomy | simple columnar epithelium, tubular glands, lamina propria. Functional layer (lost during menstruation. spiral arteries). Basal Layer (base of glands, next to myometrium, repopulates Functional Layer after menstruation). |
| Menstrual Phase | all hormones low, functional layer + unclotted blood |
| Early Proliferative Phase | Thin endometrium. Mitosis. Glands = short & straight. Low columnar epithelium. days 4-7 |
| Late Proliferative Phase | Peak E2 & mitosis, tall endometrium, large functional layer, glands start to coil, v. dense stroma. days 7-14 |
| Early secretory Phase | P4 levels high, v. tall endometrium, highly coiled glands, basal vacuolization, less dense stroma. days 15-21 |
| Late Secretory Phase | P4 peaks, back-to-back glands w/ruffled cells (apocrine glycogen secretion), spiral arteries, decidual reaction (fibroblast-like cells-> decidual-> secrete nutrients for embryo), large granular lymphocytes. |
| Successful Pregnancy | P4 remains high + decidual reaction throughout endometrium |
| Unsuccessful Pregnancy | P4 declines, endometrium collapses, more leukocytes, spiral arteries kink -> ischemia & blood loss -> menstruation |
| Endocervix | canal from uterus. more connective tissue than muscle, crypts/glands, columnar epithelium -> cervical mucus (viscous plug mostly but near ovulation changes for sperm entry) |
| Ectocervix | projects into vagina. Mucosal surface w/stratified squamous epithelium (like vagina). can be inflamed w/cysts & metaplasia. Cervical carcinoma associated w/HPV. |
| Vagina anatomy | Mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium + lamina propria w/vessels). 2) Muscularis (inner circular, outer longitudinal smooth. skeletal muscle in last portion). 3) Adventitia w/elastin. |
| Vagina Epithelium | Basal layer (single layer thick, mitotic). Prickle Layer (Langerhans cells, desmosomes). Glycogen-containing Cells: round @ bottom to squamous @ top, vacuolated w/nuclei. NO GLANDS: plasma leaks out of veins in lamina propria during stimulation. |
| FX of sex hormones on vagina | E2 -> thickest vaginal wall, highest glycogen content. P4-> shorter & less glycogen. |
| Mammary Gland Structure | 15-20 lobes w/branched compound alveolar glands + lactiferous duct emptying out of nipple. Lobes separated by type I collagen/fibroblasts/mast cells/adipocytes. Lobules separated by septa. IgA transported across epithelial cells. |
| Mammary Gland Secretions | Simple epithelium. Milk fat globules (apocrine) + proteins (serous merocrine). Myoepithelial cells b/tw basement membrane & glandular cells. Contract w/Oxytocin. |
| Mammary Ducts | 1) small ducts w/cuboidal epithelium in lobules. 2) large ducts w/columnar epithelium In septa (eg. lactiferous duct exits each lobe ->sinus in nipple. |
| Non-pregnant boobs | mostly aductal w/type I collagen & adipocytes. no alveoli. |
| Nipple structure | stratified keratinized squamous epithelium. stratified columnar lactiferous sinuses/ducts. circular smooth muscle -> nipple erection. sweat & sebaceous glands w/out hair. |
| Placenta | 1/4 maternal/fetal interface, fetal-derived. gas-exchange, nutrient uptake, waste removal, Ab transfer. Drugs & alcohol, viruses & dangerous Abs can also cross. maternal side =cotyledons. |
| Reflected fetal membranes | chorion laeve & amnion. attach to inside of placenta |
| decidua | attaches embryonic chorion to maternal placenta. |
| chorion laeve | = smooth chorion (outer reflected fetal membrane). stratified cuboidal cytotrophoblast cells derived from outer blastocyst layer. 3/4 of maternal/fetal interface. |
| amnion | simple cuboidal epithelium (stratified squamous in umbilical cord) + underlying mesenchyme connective tissue-> tensile strength. encloses amniotic cavity, covers fetal side of placenta & umbilical cord, derived from inner cell mass, no vessels. |
| anatomical requirements for placenta fxn | 1) 2 circulatory systems must be v. close, and 2) they must remain separate |
| Cotyledons | on maternal side of placenta, lobules divided by septa of decidua. Spiral arteries supply maternal blood. |
| chorionic plate | below amnion. connective tissue w/chorionic vessels ( branches of umbilical artery) |
| umbilical cord | 2 arteries branched from fetal iliac + 1 vein. spiral-orientation. |
| Wharton's Jelly | mesenchyme (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, stem cells) surrounding umbilical cord vessels, enclosed by amnion. high in HA & chondroitin sulfate. |
| chorionic plate | internal placenta: large fetal vessels branching from umbilical vessels. villous tree lined w/trophoblast contains chorionic vessel-derived vessels + intervillous space (filled w/maternal blood from spiral arteries) |
| basal plate | maternal side of internal placenta. where maternal decidua attaches to myometrium |
| trophoblast lining of the embryonic villi | 1) syncytiotrophoblast cells (outermost, cell fusion-> no intercellular space!). 2) cytotrophoblasts (innermost) = proliferative stem cells. |
| Types of Villi | Stem: thick folds in chorionic plate w/medium vessels, macrophages & lots of mesenchyme. Terminal: Branching from stem, lots of fetal capillaries (gas exchange). Anchoring: connect placenta to maternal decidual tissue. |
| Fetal Blood flow to/from placenta | DEOXY: umbilical artery -> chorionic -> stem villus -> branching vessels -> capillaries. OXY: mergin veinous vessels -> stem villus -> chorionic -> umbilical veins |
| Implantation stages | 1) Blastocyst attaches (mid-secretory phase). 2) Trophoblast invades endometrium. 3) Primitive villi + maternal blood supply. 4) Villi all around fetus. 5) 1/4 villi -> discoid placenta. 6) other villi degenerate to cytotroph's (chorion laeve). |
| Placental barrier over the 3 Trimesters | 1st: Syncytio & Cytotrophs, Mesenchyme, Fetal Endothel, central vessels, thick/short branches. 2nd: Cytotrophs decline & fetal capillaries-> basement membrane. 3d: Synctiotroph's & Endothel, thin branched villi, Syncytiotroph "knots", peripheral vessels. |
| Transport to embryo | 1. passive diffusion (gas/vitamins), 2. assisted diffusion (glucose), 3. Active Transport (aa's/Ca), 4. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (Protein/Transferrin/IgG) |
| Development of Embryonic Decidua | Late Secretory Phase, develops from endometrium stroma -> maternal tissue & placental & non-placental interfaces, attaches to Chorion Laeve. When decidua in opposing walls of uterus meet, they fuse -> end of uterus lumen. |
| Basal Plate Region | Cytotroph's invade maternal tissue -> shell in upper decidua + extravillous population deep in decidua & myometrium. unknown fxn. |
| Stem Cell Definition | 1) divide & renew stem cell population. 2) differentiate into other cell types. |
| Types of stem cells ""potent | 1) Toti: can form any tissue. 2) Pluri: form any tissue except extraembryonic. 3) Multi: form > 2 types of cells. 4) Mono: form 1 cell type. |
| Immortal Strand Hypothesis | Tagged chromosome strands are all sequestered to the same daughter cell = exact clone of stem cell. |
| Adult Stem Cells | Found in mature organ, self-renew & regenerate all cells of organ, maintain & repair. = "somatic" stem cell. scarce & mostly quiescent. |
| Mesenchymal Stem Cells | MSC's: multipotent, embryonic, large capacity fo self-renewal, can be used up in adult, but a few remain. |
| Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells | = Satellite Cells, bt/w sarcolemma & external lamina, activated by injury, monopotent (although evidence for cardio/skeletal muscle stem cell) |
| Hematopoietic Stem Cells | Multipotent (myeloid & Lymphoid, Macrophages & Mast Cells), found in femur/hip/ribs/sternum, etc. Can form muscle/fat/epithelium. |
| Biphasic Model of Injury Response | 1) minor injury -> resident cells repair. 2) major injury -> circulating stem cell contribution. Transdifferentiation vs. Stem Cell fusion w/tissue-specific stem cells. |
| Niche | Tissue subdomain housing one/more stem cell types (e.g. bone/GI/skin). Regulates/Protects/Houses stem cells. |
| Hair Follicle Stem Cell Niche | = HF. 2/3 up anagen follicle = Bulge Region w/multipotent stem cells. replenish matrix stem cells & maintain sebaceous gland & epidermal stem cells. May also be stem cells in interfollicular epithelium (IFE) & sebaceous glands (SG). |
| GI Stem Cells | 1) Near base of crypts (intestine/colon). Express EphB that keeps them in crypt & make Hh & Wnt -> villus cells express BMP4 (end proliferation) or 2) isthmus & neck of gastric gland (stomach). Fibroblasts maintain niche |
| Germ Cell Niche | 1) Spermatogonia (monopotent) in Niche supported by Sertoli Cells. Telomerase expressed ONLY in proliferating stem cells. Spermatogonia -> Transit Amplifying Cells -> Terminally Differentiated Cells. |
| Embryonic Stem Cells | Primitive Stem Cells from 20-25 cells in Inner Cell Mass of Blastocyst. Can undergo unlimited symmetric cell divisions w/out differentiation. When injected inside kidney capsule = ONLY pluripotent (why?). |
| ESC problems (embryonic stem cell) | 1) purity, 2) cancer, 3) source, 4) ethics |
| Alternatives to using ESC's | 1) SCNT = Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Remove oocyte nucleus & inject adult diploid nucleus, harvest inner cell mass. 2) Therapeutic Cloning: of ESC-like cells. 3) iPS: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells reprogrammed from adult cells. |
| Diseases Associated w/ Telomerase Mutations: | 1) Dyskeratosis Congenita (hTERC mutation -> bone marrow failure), 2) Sporadic Bone Marrow Failure, 3) Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. |
| Cells Expressing Telomerase | Hair Follicle Cells, interfollicular epithelium (IFE) cells, Transit Amplifying Epithelium, Liver Oval Stem Cells, Crypt Cells (intestine), Spermatocytes, Bone Marrow Stem Cells |
| Common symptoms of dyskeratosis congenita | abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, bone marrow failure, leukoplakia (precancerous lesion on tongue or inside of cheek) |
| Gross structure of the pituitary gland | 1) adenohypophysis (ant.) develops from Rathke's pouch. Pars Distalis (largest part), Pars Intermedia = thin wall adjacent to pars nervosa, Pars Tuberalis (sheath around infundibulum). 2) Neurohypophysis (post.) PVN & SON nerve terminals, infundibulum |
| Pars Intermedia | thin cellular partition containing small cysts (residual lumen of Rathke's pouch). -> proopiomelanocortin & alphaMSH in fetus, no fxn after birth. |
| Pars Distalis | Herlant's Stain: chromophils (hormone-secreting), chromophobes. |
| Pars Tuberalis | chromophils + chromophobes, hypophyseal portal veins |
| Pituitary Acidophilic Chromophils | GH (somatotrope), PRL (lactotroph) |
| Pituitary Basophilic Chromophils | ACTH (corticotrope), FSH/LH (gonadotrope), TSH (thyrotrope) |
| Blood supply to the pituitary | Superior Hypophyseal Arteries from internal carotid -> Pars Tuberalis, Median Eminence, Infundibulum. NO direct supply to ant. adenohypophysis. Hypophyseal portal system in median eminence & infundibulum. |
| Goiter | TSH overstimulation |
| Neurohypophysis | pars nervosa + infundibulum, pituicyte (astrocyte specific to neurohypophysis) & Herring Bodies (store OXT&AVP). storage site for hypothalamic hormones. |
| OXT function | stiulate myoepithelial cells in mammary glands & uterine contractions |
| AVP | concentrate urine, decrease perspiration following dehydration |
| Pineal Gland | encapsulated, septa w/incomplete lobules, nerves & vessels in septa. Pinealocytes produce Melatonin in darkness (large cells), interstitial glial cells (small, 5% of cells), Corpora Arenacea (Ca & Mg PO4 in glycoprotein, larger w/age) |
| Thyroid Gland | makes calcitonin, T3/4. Follicular cells (secrete T3/T4) = simple cuboidal, line colloid chamber (thyroglobulin= T3/4 precursor) & phagocytose colloid to make hormone. Parafollicular cells (from neural crest) make calcitonin, scattered in basal lamina. |
| Calcitonin | made by parafollicular thyroid cells. stimulated by high Ca @ calcitonin R's. |
| Grave's Disease | Autoimmune disease -> Abs that bind & activate TSH. Enlarged Thyroid gland (hyperthyroid disease). |
| Simple Goiter | Caused by Iodine insufficiency |
| Parathyroid Glands | 4 glands. Chief/Principal Cells (make PTH, small & polygonal w/central nucleus). Oxyphil Cells (unknown fxn, more in elderly, granular eosinophilic due to accumulated abnormal Mt's). |
| PTH | regulates circulating Ca & PO4. stimulated by low Ca. Targets bone & kidney. |
| Hyperparathyroidism | high PTH/bone reabsorption/circulating Ca. Ca deposits in kidney & vessel walls. caused by benign tumor of parathyroid. |
| Adrenal Cx | Cx = 90% of adrenals x weight. Zona Glomerulosa -> Aldo (10-15% cortical volume). Zona fasciculata in middle -> CORT (50-80% cortical volume). Zona reticularis inner -> DHEA-S (5-25% cortical volume) LIPOFUSCIN. |
| Adrenal Medulla | Chromaffin Cells (modified neuornal cells), large dense core granules = NorEpi. Small homogenous pale granules = Epi. CORT from Cx stimulates enzyme that converts NorEpi to Epi. |
| Addison's Disease | autoimmune destruction of adrenal Cx |
| Cushing's Disease | pituitary tumor -> too much ACTH. |
| Pancreatic Islet: alpha cells | 20% of cells, secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia -> elevates blood glucose, free FA's & ketones |
| Pancreatic Islet: delta cells | 10% of cells, secrete somatostatin (paracrine) -> inhibits alpha & beta cells |
| Pancreatic Islet: beta cells | 60-70% of cells, secrete insulin in response to hyperglycemia (lowers blood glucose, free FAs & ketones), mostly in center of Islet. |
| Pancreatic Islet Cell problems | Low insulin production/insulin resistance, 2) Diabetes Mellitus: insulin-dependent (Type I), insulin-independent (Type II) |
| Layers of Eye Wall | 1) Corneoscleral (outer): white of eye, dense connective tissue, light enters @ cornea (v. refractive). 2) Choroid (=Uvea) (middle) contains vessels. 3) Retina (inner) rods & cones, part of CNS |
| Cornea fxn | protection, structure, filters bad wavelengths, focuses. NO blood vessels/pigment. Inflammation from limbus. Lots of nerve endings. |
| Cornea structure | 1) Stratified Squamous Epithel. 2) Bowman's Membrane (collagen), 3) Stroma (makes collagen) keratocytes (modified fibroblasts), 4) Descemet's Membrane (thick basal lamina of endothelium) collagen, 5) Endothelium (simple squamous + tight jxns) |
| Radial Keratotomy | Incision near center of cornea to correct mild myopia. |
| Astigmatic Keratotomy | incision on steep cornea to correct astigmatism |
| Photorefractive Keratotomy | Eximer Lasers (non-thermal) correct myopia, hyperopia, & astigmatism |
| LASIK | Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis. Eximer laser corrects myopia, hyperopia, & astigmatism. Removes part of stroma, but not epithelium or Bowman's membrane. |
| Limbus | Located @ jxn of cornea & sclera, marked by disappearance of Bowman's Membrane & vasculature present in stroma. |
| Conjunctiva | Lines inner surface of eyelid & eye surface around cornea, epithelium continuous w/skin epithelium. GOBLET CELLS. |
| Lens of the Eye | 1) Capsule (refractive collagen in basal lamina), 2) Simple Cuboidal epithelum (anterior only), 3) Flattened Lens Fibers (cellular, post-mitotic, anuclear, span entire lens width, gap jxns), 4) Zonules (elastic fibrillin supports lens). |
| Presbyopia | loss of lens elasticity in 4th decade of life |
| Cataracts | =loss of lens transparency |
| Retina Fxn | 1) Photoreception of images, 2) transmission of image info to brain, 3) Prevents light backscattering. |
| Major Layers & Cell Type of Retina (posterior->anterior) | 1) Rods & Cones, 2) Outer Limiting Membrane, 3) External Nuclear Layer, 4) External Plexiform Layer, 5) Internal Nuclear Layer, 6) Internal Plexiform Layer, 7) Ganglion Cell Layer, 8) Innermost Nerve Fiber Layer |
| Rod & Cone Layer of retina | 1st layer, modified dendrites of rods & cones |
| Outer Limiting Membrane of retina | 2nd layer, tight jxns b/tw photoreceptor cells & Muller glial cells |
| External Nuclear Layer of retina | 3d layer, cell bodies of photoreceptor neurons |
| Internal Nuclear Layer of retina | 5th layer, axons of photoreceptor cells + axons/dendrites of bipolar/horizontal/amacrine cells |
| Internal Plexiform Layer of retina | 6th layer, dendrites & axons of bipolar, horizontal, amacrine cells |
| Ganglion Cell Layer of retina | 7th layer, cell bodies & axons of ganglion neurons |
| Innermost Layer of retina | 8th Nerve Fiber Layer, axons of ganglion cells |
| Pigmented Epithelium of retina | non-neuronal cells prevent backscattering of light, adjacent to choroid |
| Rods | light intensity, no color. not found in fovea, increase in [] further away from fovea, Contain Rhodopsin (GPCR's opsin + Vitamin A) |
| Cones | color, mostly found in fovea. Iodopsin (red/green/blue). |
| Fovea Centralis of Retina | highest visual acuity, most photoreceptors, no vessels. Macula Lutea = yellow zone around fovea. Optic Disc = blind spot where optic nerve joins eye. |
| Uvea of Eye (Iris, ciliary body, choroid) | Dilator pupillae = radial muscle, Constrictor Pupillae = circular. Posterior Epithelium (blue cells, block light). Anterior Pigment Myoepithelial Layer (melanin, part of dilator pupillae). vessels, fibroblasts, melanocytes. no anterior epithelium. |
| Melanocytes of the Iris & Eye color | In stroma layer. lots of them -> brown eyes. middle amounts = green eyes. few of them = blue eyes. |
| Ciliary Body | disk-shaped w/hollow core lined by ciliary processes. outer layer = pigmented epithelium w/tight jxns, inner = nonpigmented epithelium. Highly vascularized stroma. |
| Inner Layer of Ciliary Body | non-pigmented, produces zonules anchored to basal lamina that insert into lens capsule |
| Function of Ciliary Body | Radially arranged ligaments (zonules) connect ciliary processes to edge of lens -> holds lens in place. when ciliary muscle contracts -> lens thickens for seeing nearby. Make aqueous humor. |
| Aqueous Humor | pumped into posterior chamber by inner epithelial layer of Ciliary Body. Contains small amounts of protein, lots of pyruvate & lactate. |
| Outflow Tract of Uvea | Aqueous Humor exits ant. chamber through trabecular meshwork w/leaky endothelium @ jxn of limbus & iris -> Canal of Schlemm vein -> Episcleral Vein -> general circulation |
| Glaucoma | Fluid pressure in eye increases due to aqueous humor inflow > outflow |
| Pathway of Light through the eyeball | cornea, anterior chamber, lens, vitreous body, retina |
| Where is one of the only places in the body that true stratified ciliated epithelium occurs? | In the transition between pseudostratified ciliated epithelium & stratified squamous epithelium in the upper 1/3 of the oropharynx. |
| Where is elastin found in the upper respiratory tract? | In the space between the mucosal lamina propria and the submucosa |
| Where does detoxification occur in the liver? | Smooth ER of Hepatocytes |
| Which cells serve to concentrate bile from the liver? | Gall bladder epithelial cells lining the cystic duct concentrate bile by pumping Na on basal side (water follows) |
| What structure prevents the cystic duct lumen from collapsing under high pressures? | Abundant spiral smooth muscle in the ductal wall |
| Where are intercalated ducts located with striated ducts? | Salivary Glands. Pancreas has only intercalated ducts leading to interlobular ducts. |
| Primary location of macrophages & dendritic cells in lymph nodes | Macrophages: mostly in medullary cords, some in follicles. Dendritic Cells: mostly in parafollicular region, some in follicles. |
| Structural Difference between Tonsils & Lymph Nodes | Tonsils = no medulla region, no afferent lymphatics (absorb fluid via epithelium) |
| Location of lymph follicles in the stomach: | In the mucosal layer. |
| Where do plasma cells mature? | 1) Lymph node medullary cord, 2) peripheral tissue |
| Spleen lymphatics | Efferent but not Afferent |
| Where are endothelial cells long, plump, and longitudinally oriented? | Spleen venous sinuses |
| Fine structure of primary vs. 2ndary lymph organs | primary: stellate epithelial cells mostly, 2ndary: reticular cells & reticulum. |
| Location of dendritic cells in thymus | near cortico-medullary junction |
| Which are the only cells in the human body that store osmiophilic lipid droplets in their mitochondria? | Granulosa Lutein Cells (make progesterone) |
| Which sperm progenitor cells do NOT express "foreign" antigens? | Spermatogonia |
| What is the only tissue in the body that contains a true ciliated epithelium? | Efferent Ductules (pseudostratified "scalloped" columnar) |
| What hormone modulates sperm concentration and where does this occur? | Estrogen in the Efferent Ductules increases Na reabsorption and water follows. |
| Which cells are the main source of ovarian & cervical cancers? | Ovariaon = Mesothelium cells. Cervical = Exernal Os. |
| What are the signaling triggers for ovarian follicle development? | 1) FSH stimulates 2ndary follicle development. 2) LH stimulates 3ary follicle development. |
| What hormone is produced by the theca lutea compared with the granulosa lutea? | Theca -> androstenedione. Granulosa lutea-> P4 & E2. |
| Which sexual glands are tubuloalveolar? | Bulbourethral (male), Mammary (female) |
| What does the placenta secrete? | Cholesterol, free FAs, Glycogen, aa's |
| cells that can develop from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC's) | adipocyte, osteoblast/clast, chondrocyte, smooth muscle cell, fibroblast |
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rbxbrown