Chapter 5
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| anatomy | study of body parts, how the body is made, and what it is made of
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| physiology | the study of how the body functions and how all the body parts work independentely together
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| What is the two categories of needs? | basi psychosocial needs (mind) and basic physiological needs (body)
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| anatomical position | when a person is standing facing you, with palms out and feet together
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| What are some examples of the body's ability to maintain homeostatis | a)body temp. stays very constant b)BP stays within specific limits c)chemistry of the blood stays within certain normal limits
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| When does the balance of our inner environment change? | Only when illness, disease, injury, or emotional disturbance occur
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| anterior | toward front
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| ventral | on the abdominal side
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| superficial | on or near the surface
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| deep | distant from the surface
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| posterior | toward the back
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| dorsal | on the back side
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| superior | toward the head
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| inferior | toward the feet
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| homeostasis | the body's attempt to keep its interal environment stable and in balance
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| protoplasm | the basic substance of life.
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| What are the 3 main part of a cell? | 1)nucleus 2)cytoplasm 3)cell membrane
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| nucleus | directs the activities of the cell, like a command center. It directs the growth of the cell and cell division
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| chromosomes | threadlike structures that carry DNA
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| cytoplasm | material surrounding the nucleus of a cell
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| metabolism | process of the living cell in which oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is given off (called the work of the cell)
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| Tissue | group of the same type of cells functioning in the same way
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| What are 5 categories that tissues are grouped into? | 1)epithelial 2)connective 3)nervous 4)blood and lymph 5)muscular
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| cell membrane | the edge of the cell. It keeps the protoplams in but allows certain other materials to pass in and out of the cell.
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| metabolism | process of the living cell in which oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is given off (called the work of the cell)
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| Organ | (tissues combine to form it) it is a body part where two or more tissues work together to perform a particular function
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| System | consist of a group of organs that perform the same function.
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| Name the body systems | 1)integumentary 2)digestive 3)skeletal 4)respiratory 5)muscular 6)circulatory 7)nervous 8)endocrine 9)urinary 10)reproductive
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| What happens when cancer invades the cell's normal mechanisms that control rate of growth? | cell division and movements are destroyed.
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| What is noncancerous tumors called? canerous tumors? | benign and malignant
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| carcinogens | substances that causes cancer
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| referred to as a disease of the old | cancer (50% of all cancer cases occur after the age of 65)
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| cure | to ccorect or remove a problem
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| control | to stop or limit growth
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| palliation | to relieve symptoms
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| rebabilitation | to restore or return function
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| Name the treatments for cancer | a) surgery b)raidation c)chemotherapy
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| Radiation therapy may be either (blank) or (blank) | external or internal
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| External therapy | a machine bemas high-energy rays toward the cancer site. The treatment ise painless, but side effects frequently results
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| internal therapy | very small amount of radioactive material is placed inside the body and left for a short period of time. This type of therapy is carried out in the accute care hospital
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| chemotherapy | use of medications to treat disease
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| What does the medication from chemotherapy do? | interfere with the duplication and growth of the rapidly multiplying cancer cells. This affects normal cells as well
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| What chemotherapy drug affect | bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, mouth, hair, skin, reproductive system, urinary tract, emotional state
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| What are appliative measures used for? | to reduce pain and discomfort in cancer patients.
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| Report these side effect at once | fever, sudden weight loss or gain, bleeding or hemorrhage, changes in vital signs, intense or severe pain, changes in behavior, severe constipation or diarrhea
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| stimuli | an action that causes a response in an organ or organism
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| sclera | white of the eye
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| vitreous humor | transparent liquid that fills the eyeball
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| aqueous humor | fluid in the space between the cornea and lens
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| cornea | clea pasticlike covering
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| iris | circle of color
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| pupil | the opening in the center of the iris through which light enters
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| lens | directly behind the pupil, focuses the imagge upon the retina
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| retina | back part of the eye; receives image and sends impulses to the optic nerve
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| optic nerve | receives impulses from the rods and cones in the retina and transmits them to the brain
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| presbyopia | lends loses its ability to focus clearly due to loss of elasticity
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| glaucoma | increased pressure within the eye that can lead to blindness due to pressure on the optic nerve
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| What are the 3 main parts of the ear? | outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear
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| outer ear | leads to the small opening of the middle ear. The outer ear and middle ear is separated by the eardrum
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| How do we hear? | Sound waves strike the eardrum (tympanic membrane), causing it to vibrate. The vibration causes the tiny bones to move. Through a complex process, sound stimuli are transmitted to nerves that transport the signal to the brain
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| What is one sensory experience that does not change with age? | pain
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| "stoic" | people (like the Asian people) who are stoic do not express their emotions outwardly, especially pain.
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| What is one definition of pain? | it is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he say it does.
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| How should an unconscious resident be treated? | like he could understand everything. Introduce yourself and explain what you are going to do. Avoid chatting with staff member and excluding resident.
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| How is a pain scale from 0 to 10 is rated? | 0 no pain, 10 beign the worst pain you can imagine.
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| What are some words to describe what pain feels like? | dull, aching, stabbing, piercing, electrical, throbbing, and cramping
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| Who should you tell if the resident is in pain? | the charge nurse
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| sensory deprivation | loss or lack of stimulation from the environment. Ex: blind person is deprived from visual stimulation
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| otologist | hearing specialist
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