Stack #34270
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| What is atrophy? | a decrease or shrinkage in cell size.
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| Why do cells change? | escape injury and protect themselves.
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| Shrinkage in tissue leads to | shrinkage in an organ
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| Occurs during early developement. An example would be the thymus gland undegoes atrophy during child hood. | Physiologic atrophy
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| Normal atrophy | Physiologic atrophy
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| Occurs as a result in a decreased workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation. | Pathologic atrophy
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| abnormal atrophy | pathologic atrophy
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| An increase in cell size | hypertrophy
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| three common cell types that undergo atrophy | heart, kidneys, and skeletal muscles
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| 3 causes of hypertrophy | increase in cellular protein,increase in functional demand on the cell, triggers of hypertrophy mechanical and trophic signals
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| Stretching and working out | mechanical signals of hypertrophy
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| Trophic hypertrophy | growth factors, hormones, and vasoactive agents
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| An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular divison | hyperplasia
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| where is hyperplasia commonly found? | in epithelial cells(skin, mouth), hepatocytes( liver cells),and kidney cells
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| Cells MUST exhibit the capacity to divide | hyperplasia
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| Hyperplasia and hypertrophy can occur | together and both take place if the cell can synthesize dna
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| Compensatory hyperplasia | is normal and enables certain organs to regeneratate at cellular levels
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| cells that can not regenerate include | skeletal muscle, nerve, myocardial,and some cells of the eye
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| Compensatory hyperplasia commonly occurs in | the liver epidermal and intestinal epithelia, hepatocytes, liver cells, bone marrow, fibroblasts, bone and cartilage, and smooth muscle cell see page 68 in book
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| increase in # of cells due to estrogen influence | hormonal hyperplasia
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| who exhibits hormonal hyperplasia | women and men experince it during puberty
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| Where does hormonal hyperplasia commonly occur? | in estrogen dependent organs
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| dysplasia | abnormal changes in size shape and organization of mature cells
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| where is dysplasia commonly found? | in epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract
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| how can dysplasia be classified | mild, moderate, or severe
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| What often causes dysplasia? | cancerous cell growth or irritating stimuli such as smoking
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| Removal of the stimulus does what to dysplastic changes? | reverses the abnormal cell growth
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| abnormal proliferation of normal cells in response to some type of stimulation | Pathologic hyperplasia
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| Cancer is | abnormal growth on abnormal cells not pathologic hyperplasia because hyperplasia is on normal cells
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| Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another | metaplasia
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| What do columnar epithelial cells do that assists in maintaing a healthy airway? | it works as a filter to keep airways clean but smokers get squamous epithelial cells which do not filter the airway
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| Why is it devestaing for the airway to have metaplasia in the airway? | dysplasia and cancerous transformation can occur
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| What is thought to cause metaplasia? | thought to be caused by stem cells getting confused due to new stimuli (smoking) in the cell's enviroment
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| Celluar injury occurs when? | if the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
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| when injured cells can recover | reversible injury
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| when injured cells can not recover | irreversible injury
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| what is the most common mechanism of cell injury? | hypoxic injury
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| What is hypoxia? | lack of sufficent oxygen
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| What are causes of hypoxia? | loss of hemoglobin, decreased production of RBC, disease of the cardiovascular system, and poisioning of oxidative enzymes
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| lack of blood supply | ischemia
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| what is the most common cause of hypoxia? | ischemia
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| What causes ischemia? | gradual narrowing of the arteries ( aretriosclerosis) and complete blockage of blood clots ( thrombosis)
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| What is anoxia? | a total lack of oxygen that is sudden
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| Embolus(blood clot), drowning, stroke, and pulmonary embolus are examples of | anoxia
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| which is more damaging anoxia or hypoxia? | anoxia bc its sudden
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| Chemical injury begins when? | a biochemical interaction between a toxic substance and the cell's plasma membrane causing damage and increased permeability
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| What causes cellular injury? | direct toxicity by combining wirh a molecular component of the cell membrane or organelles and reactive free radicals and lipid peroxidation
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| free radicals like to bind with | Vitamin E
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