Chapter 1: Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology
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Aggregate of single type of specialized cell; also denotes general cellular fabric of a given organ | Tissue
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Cell Influenced by a certain hormone | Target Cell
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Detectable change in internal or external environment | Stimulus
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No net change occurs; continual energy input to system is required, however, to prevent net change | Steady State
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Net loss of substance from body equals net gain, and amount of substance in body neither increases nor decreases | Stable Balance
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Steady-State value maintained by homeostatic control system | Set Point
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Neural or hormonal components that mediate a reflex; includes receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway and effector | Reflex Arc
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Biological control system linking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc | Reflex
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Specialized peripheral ending of afferent neuron, or separate cell intimately associated with it, that detects changes in some aspect of environment: specific binding site with which a chemical messenger combines to exert its effects | Receptor
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Characteristic of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even further | Positive Feedback
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Gain of substance exceeds loss, and amount of that substance in body increases | Positive Balance
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The readily available quantity of a substance in the body; often equals the amount of extracellular fluid | Pool
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A secretory (endocrine) gland located within the brain; responsible for production and secretion of melatonin, which may play a role in coordinating circadian rhythms | Pineal Gland
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Branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which living things function | Physiology
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A resetting of the internal clock due to altered environmental cues | Phase Shift
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Chemical messenger that exerts its effects on cells near its secretion site; by convention, excludes neurotransmitters | Paracrine Agent
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Neurons that set rhythm of biological clocks independent of external cues; any nerve or muscle cell that has an inherent autorhythmicity and determines activity pattern of other cells | Pacemaker
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Candidate hormone secreted by pineal gland; suspected role in setting body's circadian rhythms | Melatonin
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Organs that together serve an overall function | Organ System
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One of the four major tissue types in the body; responsible for coordinated control of muscle activity, reflexes and conscious thought | Nerve Tissue
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Characteristic of control systems in which system's response opposes the original change in the system | Negative Feedback
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Loss of substance from body exceeds gain, and total amount in body decreases, also used for physical parameters such as body temperature and energy | Negative Balance
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Death of a cell or population of cells with a tissue or organ, usually due to oxygen and nutrient deprivation | Necrosis
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One of the four major tissue types in the body, comprising smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle: can be under voluntary or involuntary control | Muscle Tissue
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Specialized cell containing actin and myosin filaments and capable of generating force and movement | Muscle Cell
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Response acting in immediate vicinity of a stimulus, without nerves or hormones, and having net effect of counteracting stimulus | Local Homeostatic Response
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Extracellular fluid surrounding tissue cells; excludes plasma | Interstitual Fluid
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Extracellular Fluid (Interstitual fluid and plasma) | Internal Environment
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Cells that receive one or more signals and send out appropriate response; also called an integrator | Integrating Center
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Chronically increased arterial blood pressure | Hypertension
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Chemical messenger synthesized by specific endocrine cells in response to certain stimuli and secreted into the blood, which carries it to target cells | Hormone
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Relatively stable condition of extracellular fluid that results from regulatory system actions | Homeostasis
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Collection of interconnected components that keeps a physical or chemical parameter of internal environment relatively constant within a predetermined range of values | Homeostatic Control System
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Cyclical activity driven by biological clock in absence of environmental cues | Free Running System
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Aspect of some control systems that allow system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable | Feedforward
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A complex consisting of a mixture of proteins (sometimes minerals) in which extracellular fluid is interspersed | Extracellular Matrix
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Fluid outside cell; interstitual fluid and plasma | Extracellular Fluid
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Environment surrounding external source of an organism | External Environment
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No net change occurs in a system; requires no energy | Equilibrium
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Tissue that covers all body surfaces, lines all body cavities, and forms most glands | Epithelium
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Adjusting biological rhythm to environmental cues | Entrainment
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Group of epithelial cells that secrete into the extracellular space hormones that then diffuse into bloodstream; also called a ductless gland | Endocrine Gland
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A protein with elastic, or springlike properties; found in large arteries and in the airways | Elastin Fiber
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Component of reflex arc that transmits information from integrating center to effector | Efferent Pathway
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Cell or cell collection whose change in activity constitutes the response in a control system | Effector
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Time during development when a system is most readily influenced by factors, sometimes irreversibly | Critical Period
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Cell specialized to form extracellular elements that connect, anchor and support body structures | Connective Tissue Cell
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One of the four major categories of tissue in the body; major component of extracellular matrices, cartilage and bone | Connective Tissue
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Strong, fibrous protein that function as extracellular structural element in connective tissue | Collagen
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24 hour cycle | Circadian Rhythm
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Thin layer of extracellular proteinaceous material upon which epithelial and endothelial cells sit | Basement Membrane
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Chemical messenger that is secreted into extracellular fluid and acts upon cell that secretes it | Autocrine Agent
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Programmed cell death that typically occurs during differentiation and development | Apoptosis
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Component of reflex arc that transmits information from receptor to integrating center | Afferent Pathway
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Environmentally induced improvement in functioning of a physiological system with no change in genetic endowment | Acclimatization
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