Chapter 1: Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology
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| Aggregate of single type of specialized cell; also denotes general cellular fabric of a given organ | Tissue | ||||
| Cell Influenced by a certain hormone | Target Cell | ||||
| Detectable change in internal or external environment | Stimulus | ||||
| No net change occurs; continual energy input to system is required, however, to prevent net change | Steady State | ||||
| Net loss of substance from body equals net gain, and amount of substance in body neither increases nor decreases | Stable Balance | ||||
| Steady-State value maintained by homeostatic control system | Set Point | ||||
| Neural or hormonal components that mediate a reflex; includes receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway and effector | Reflex Arc | ||||
| Biological control system linking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc | Reflex | ||||
| Specialized peripheral ending of afferent neuron, or separate cell intimately associated with it, that detects changes in some aspect of environment: specific binding site with which a chemical messenger combines to exert its effects | Receptor | ||||
| Characteristic of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even further | Positive Feedback | ||||
| Gain of substance exceeds loss, and amount of that substance in body increases | Positive Balance | ||||
| The readily available quantity of a substance in the body; often equals the amount of extracellular fluid | Pool | ||||
| A secretory (endocrine) gland located within the brain; responsible for production and secretion of melatonin, which may play a role in coordinating circadian rhythms | Pineal Gland | ||||
| Branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which living things function | Physiology | ||||
| A resetting of the internal clock due to altered environmental cues | Phase Shift | ||||
| Chemical messenger that exerts its effects on cells near its secretion site; by convention, excludes neurotransmitters | Paracrine Agent | ||||
| Neurons that set rhythm of biological clocks independent of external cues; any nerve or muscle cell that has an inherent autorhythmicity and determines activity pattern of other cells | Pacemaker | ||||
| Candidate hormone secreted by pineal gland; suspected role in setting body's circadian rhythms | Melatonin | ||||
| Organs that together serve an overall function | Organ System | ||||
| One of the four major tissue types in the body; responsible for coordinated control of muscle activity, reflexes and conscious thought | Nerve Tissue | ||||
| Characteristic of control systems in which system's response opposes the original change in the system | Negative Feedback | ||||
| Loss of substance from body exceeds gain, and total amount in body decreases, also used for physical parameters such as body temperature and energy | Negative Balance | ||||
| Death of a cell or population of cells with a tissue or organ, usually due to oxygen and nutrient deprivation | Necrosis | ||||
| One of the four major tissue types in the body, comprising smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle: can be under voluntary or involuntary control | Muscle Tissue | ||||
| Specialized cell containing actin and myosin filaments and capable of generating force and movement | Muscle Cell | ||||
| Response acting in immediate vicinity of a stimulus, without nerves or hormones, and having net effect of counteracting stimulus | Local Homeostatic Response | ||||
| Extracellular fluid surrounding tissue cells; excludes plasma | Interstitual Fluid | ||||
| Extracellular Fluid (Interstitual fluid and plasma) | Internal Environment | ||||
| Cells that receive one or more signals and send out appropriate response; also called an integrator | Integrating Center | ||||
| Chronically increased arterial blood pressure | Hypertension | ||||
| Chemical messenger synthesized by specific endocrine cells in response to certain stimuli and secreted into the blood, which carries it to target cells | Hormone | ||||
| Relatively stable condition of extracellular fluid that results from regulatory system actions | Homeostasis | ||||
| Collection of interconnected components that keeps a physical or chemical parameter of internal environment relatively constant within a predetermined range of values | Homeostatic Control System | ||||
| Cyclical activity driven by biological clock in absence of environmental cues | Free Running System | ||||
| Aspect of some control systems that allow system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable | Feedforward | ||||
| A complex consisting of a mixture of proteins (sometimes minerals) in which extracellular fluid is interspersed | Extracellular Matrix | ||||
| Fluid outside cell; interstitual fluid and plasma | Extracellular Fluid | ||||
| Environment surrounding external source of an organism | External Environment | ||||
| No net change occurs in a system; requires no energy | Equilibrium | ||||
| Tissue that covers all body surfaces, lines all body cavities, and forms most glands | Epithelium | ||||
| Adjusting biological rhythm to environmental cues | Entrainment | ||||
| Group of epithelial cells that secrete into the extracellular space hormones that then diffuse into bloodstream; also called a ductless gland | Endocrine Gland | ||||
| A protein with elastic, or springlike properties; found in large arteries and in the airways | Elastin Fiber | ||||
| Component of reflex arc that transmits information from integrating center to effector | Efferent Pathway | ||||
| Cell or cell collection whose change in activity constitutes the response in a control system | Effector | ||||
| Time during development when a system is most readily influenced by factors, sometimes irreversibly | Critical Period | ||||
| Cell specialized to form extracellular elements that connect, anchor and support body structures | Connective Tissue Cell | ||||
| One of the four major categories of tissue in the body; major component of extracellular matrices, cartilage and bone | Connective Tissue | ||||
| Strong, fibrous protein that function as extracellular structural element in connective tissue | Collagen | ||||
| 24 hour cycle | Circadian Rhythm | ||||
| Thin layer of extracellular proteinaceous material upon which epithelial and endothelial cells sit | Basement Membrane | ||||
| Chemical messenger that is secreted into extracellular fluid and acts upon cell that secretes it | Autocrine Agent | ||||
| Programmed cell death that typically occurs during differentiation and development | Apoptosis | ||||
| Component of reflex arc that transmits information from receptor to integrating center | Afferent Pathway | ||||
| Environmentally induced improvement in functioning of a physiological system with no change in genetic endowment | Acclimatization |
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Created by:
Daniel Han
on 2010-01-23