AP European final
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| Who wrote the Book of the Courtier? When? | Baldassare Castiglione, 1528
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| What were the attributes for The Book of the Courtier? | (grace, talent, noble birth)(achievement)(classical education)
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| What were New Monarchies? | Old monarchs with new power
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| Who invented the printing press? | Johannes Gutenburg
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| When was the printing press invented? Where? | 1455 or 1456, Mainz
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| What is humanism? | The most important movement associated with the Renaissance
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| What is civic humanism? | Humanism tied with Florentine civic spirit and pride
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| What was John Wyclif's big idea? | Popes should be stripped of their authority
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| What was nepotism? | Popes promoting their nephews to church offices
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| What is northern humanism? | New classical learning that was part of Renaissance humanism spread
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| What is another name for northern humanism? | Christian humanism
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| Who was the most influential of all Christian humanists? | Desiderus Erasmus
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| What book did Erasmus write? | The Praise of Folly
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| Who wrote Utopia? | Thomas More
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| What is pluralism? | Church officials taking over multiple church offices
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| What did pluralism turn into? | Absenteeism
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| What is absenteeism? | Church officials ignoring their jobs and hiring underlings
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| What was Martin Luther's big idea? | The selling of indulgences is bad
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| What famous writing did Martin Luther write? | The 95 Theses
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| What was the Peasants' War? | The peasants' dissatisfaction with their lords
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| Why were the peasants displeased? | They were not affected by the economic rise
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| Who helped the peasants? Who turned on them? | Thomas Muntzer, Martin Luther
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| What was Zwingli's big idea? | Transubstantiation
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| Charles V's problems caused what? | Lutheranism to spread and organize
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| Which war kept Charles V busy? | The Hapsburg-Valois War
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| What were the Anabaptist ideas? | Adult baptism, the return of Christian practices and spirituality, refusal to hold political office, or bear arms
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| Who was Henry VIII? | The initiator of the English Reformation
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| What was Henry VIII's final decade occupied with? | Foreign affairs, factional intrigue, and finding a good wife
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| What was John Calvin's big idea? | Predestination
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| What were 3 tests of possible salvation for Calvinism? | Open profession of faith, a "decent and godly life", and participation in baptism and communion
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| What were the Jesuits? | The Society of Jesus
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| Who founded the Jesuits? | Ignatius of Loyola
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| What were main ideas of the Jesuits? | Absolute obedience to papacy, strict hierarchial societal order, use of education, and dedication to engage in conflict for God
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| What 3 major activities did Jesuits engage? | Establishing disciplined schools, advertising Catholic faith, and fighting Protestantism
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| What was the Council of Trent? | A meeting of Christendom general council where they discussed Protestant revolts and decided on Catholic
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| What was the most important decree of the Council of Trent? | There had to be theological seminaries in every diocese (area) for priest training
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| What were Hugueonots? | French Calvinists
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| What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre? | The king's guard sought out and killed important Hugueonot leaders in Paris
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| When was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre? | Aug. 24, 1572
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| What ended with Henry of Navarre's Coronation? | The Wars of Religion
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| Prince Henry the Navigator was famous for wha? | Finding a navigating school in Portugal
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| What were the motives for gold searching? | Seeking Christian kingdom as an ally against muslims, aquiring trade opportunites for Portugal, and extending Christianity
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| What was Christopher Columbus' goal in exploring? | To reach Asia and the West Indies
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| Where did Columbus actually land? | The major islands of the Caribbean
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| How many voyages did Columbus take? | 4
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| Hernan Cortes marched to what Aztec city? | Tenochtitlan
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| Hernan Cortes made alliances with whom? | Cities that tired of Aztec's oppressive rule (**important city-Tlaxaca**)
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| How lond did it take for the local population to drive them out? | a year
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| Who landed on the Pacific Coast of South America? | Francisco Pizarro
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| What disease overtook the Inca's? | Small pox
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| Which queen declared the natives to be subjects of Castile? | Isabella
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| What is the name of the Spanish institution that permitted conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from natives and use them as laborers? | Encomieda
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| What 3 things did holders of encomieda have to do for the Indians? | Protect them, pay their wages, and supervise their spiritual needs
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| What percent of the Indians died? | 30-40%
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| What is the triangle trade? | A pattern of trade in early modern Europe that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic economy
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| What did Europe bring to Africa? | Guns, gin, and cloth
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| What did Africa bring to the Americas? | Slaves
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| What did Europe buy from the Americas? | Tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, and raw cotton
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| About how many slaves were sold in the 16th century? | 275,000
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| Which 3 powers were competing for trading privileges? | British, Dutch, and Portuguese
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| The British success brought which two powers? | French and Dutch
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| Who were the British saved by? | Sir Robert Clive
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| During what war did the British force the French out COMPLETELY? | The Seven Years' War
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| T or F:The Price revolutions were Europe-wide? | True
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| What was must subject to price increases? | Food stuffs (wheat especially in Spain, South France, and Italy)
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| What else was affected? | Government
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| Influx of metals was associated with what? | The increase of prices
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| What was the witchcraft craze? | Hysteria over witchcraft in the 16th and 17th century in Europe
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| Where were witchcraft trials held? | England, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, partly France, Low Countries, and New England
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| When was witchcraft viewed as sinister? | When the Church connected witchcraft to devilry
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| About how many were prosecuted for witchcraft? | 100,000
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| Who was most susceptible to suspicion? Why? | Women, the Devil uses them because he knows that women love pleasures and means to bind them by provocations
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