7-5 Petersen: Unit 1 before word is TCI 2013-14
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| Unit 1 geography | the study of the earth in all its variety
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| Unit 1 landforms | individual features of the land
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| enviroment | natural surroundings
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| Unit 1global positioning system (GPS) | a group of satellites traveling around the earth that recieve signals that determine the exact latitude and longitude of a certain thing or area
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| Unit 1 geographic information system (GIS) | special computer software that helps geographers gathe many different kinds of information about the same place that can be combined and put on maps
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| artifact | any object made by man, such as tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, etc.
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| fossils | remains of animal or plant life from the past
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| solar system | earth, eight other planets and thousands of smaller bodies that all revolve around the sun
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| Unit 1 orbit | PATH/HIGHWAY that a body/planet,metor,etc. in the solar system travels around the sun
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| atmosphere | the layer of air surrounding the Earth
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| axis | the imaginary line that runs through the Earth's center between the North and South poles
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| Unit 1 revolution | one complete orbit around the sun
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| leap year | a year that has an extra day; it occurs every 4th year
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| summer solstice | on or about June 21st, the day with the most hours of sunlight and the fewest hours of darkness in the Northern Hemishpere
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| winter solstice | on or about December 22nd, the day with the fewest hours of sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere
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| equinox | when the day and night are of equal length in both hemispheres
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| core | the center of the earth
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| mantle | a layer of rock and magma that surrounds the core - (chocolate in a peanut M & M)
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| magma | melted rock
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| crust | the outer layer of the earth; on which we stand-shell of the M&M)
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| continent | massive land area located on the crust
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| plate tectonics theory | the crust is like the broken egg shell of a hard boiled egg-each broken section is call a plate or huge slabs of rock -the plates sit on top of the mantle and can 'wiggle around'
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| earthquake | a violent and sudden movement of the earth's crust
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| tsunamis | a huge under water wave created by undersea earthquakes
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| faults | cracks in the earth's crust
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| weathering | the process of BREAKING surface rock into boulders, gravel, sand and soil due to water and frost, chemicals and even plants
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| erosion | the process of wind and water CARRYING AWAY the weathered material on the earth's surface
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| Unit 1 glaciers | giant, slow moving sheets of ice--bottom of it melts because of the weight of it--then it slides to a lower elevation
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| Unit 1 elevation | height above sea level
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| Unit 1 plains | large stretches of land that is flat or rolling(small hills) at a LOW elevation
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| Unit 1 plateaus | flat land, but it is at a HIGHer elevation than the surrounding land
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| Unit 1 isthmus | a narrow piece of LAND that CONNECTS two larger pieces of LAND--'land connects land'-like in Panama
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| Unit 1 peninsula | a piece of land with water on THREE sides- Florida
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| Unit 1 island | a body of land completely surrounded by water-like Hawaii
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| continental shelf | land underwater all along the coast/edge of the continents and extends out in the ocean for several miles -
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| trenches | valleys on the floor of the ocean
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| Unit 1 strait | a narrow body of water between two pieces of land--'water connects water'--like between Spain and Africa
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| Unit 1 channel | the same as a strait but wider
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| Unit 1 delta | soil/silt washes down rivers and deposits (dumps out) into an ocean, sea, or gulf -the silt starts building up and creates little island-like areas at the mouth of the river (where the river flows into the gulf, etc)
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| water vapor | water that turns into gas-evaporated water coming from the water on the surface of the earth-the gas cools and condenses forming clouds
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| water cycle | when the water goes from the oceans to the air to the ground and finally back to the oceans
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| evaporation | the process of when the sun's heat turns liquid water into water vapor
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| condensation | when water vapor CHANGES BACK into a liquid- the dropplets get cold (high altitude)& huddle together or _____________
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| Unit 1 precipitation | water falling back to the earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail, depending on the air temperature (cold=snow & heat=rain)
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| collection | the process in the water cycle during which streams and rivers carry water back to the oceans--the oceans, seas, lakes, catch/hold the water
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| groundwater | water that soaks through the soil and runs down into tiny cracks and holes in the rock layers below the surface of the earth--then runs to the lowest area
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| aquifers | it is the underground ROCK LAYERS stacked so that the groundwater water gets trapped and fills up like a giant bowl of water underground
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| weather | the unpredictable changes in the air that take place over a SHORT period of time
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| climate | the usual, predictable pattern of weather (average amount PRECIPITATION AND average TEMPERATURE in a region over a LONG period of time--what's the climate like there (what's the weather like today)
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| Unit 1 Tropics | low latitude region near the Equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (some regions are very hot & rainy and some regions are hot and dry)--very warm/hot, EXCEPT in the HIGHLANDS
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| drought | a long period of extreme dryness
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| El Nino | combination of temperature, wind and water in the Pacific Ocean that causes heavy rains in some areas and drought in others-cause when east cold winds are weak allowing the Pacific to warm
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| La Nina | pattern of unusual weather in the Pacific Ocean; winds from the east become very strong, cooling more of the Pacific
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| currents | moving streams of water under water
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| local winds | the patterns of wind caused by landforms in a particular area-'when the winds come whipping down the plains' (or whipping through canyons, and down mountains, etc) ex. Santa Ana Winds-southern California, sirroco winds from north Africa to Italy
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| greenhouse effect | the buildup of certain gases in the atmosphere that, like a greenhouse, hold more of the sun's warmth
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| rain shadow | a dry region on the 'LeeWard'(Less Water)side of the mountains-(the other side is on the coast. The wind blows over the water (windward side)-it rains on that side, leaving no H2O for the Leeward side.
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| Unit 1 rain forest | dense (thick) forest that recieves high amounts of rain each year in tropics-list it's latitude belt____
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| Unit 1 savannas | broad grasslands PLAINS with FEW trees hot,fairly dry-list it's latitude belt____
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| Unit 1 marine west coast climate | weather patterns characterized by rainy and MILD winters and COOL summers-near large bodies of water -list it's latitude belt____
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| Unit 1 Mediterranean climate | weather pattern characterized by rainy and MILD winters and HOT, dry summers-near large bodies of water list it's latitude belt____
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| Unit 1 humid subtropical climate (SUB means next to) | climate with HOT, rainy summers and SHORT(3 MONTHS OR SO), MILD winters list it's latitude belt____
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| Unit 1 humid continental climate | climate with long(or fairly long depending on the latitude), COLD and snowy winters and short (3 months or so), HOT summers-more inland- (hint: inner area of an ice cube / inner area of a piece of hot coal)
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| Unit 1 subartic climate (what does SUB mean?) | climate with SEVERLY COLD and BITTER winters and SHORT (3 mo. or so), COOL summers
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| Unit 1 tundra | vast (large amount), treeLESS PLAINS, FROZEN soil in winter
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| Unit 1 steppe | partly/FAIRLY dry grassland PLAINS often found on the EDGES of a DESERTS
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| acid rain | when chemicals in air pollution combine with precipitation
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| deforestation | cutting down of forests without replanting them
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| crop rotation | changing what is planted in a field to avoid using up all the same minerals in the soil
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| conservation | the careful use of resources so they are not wasted
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| irrigate | to pump water from a source (aquifer) through pipes to a giant sprinkler system to water farms
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| pesticides | powerful chemicals that kill crop-destroying insects and can harm people, soil, water, animals
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| ecosystems | places where plants and animals are dependent upon one another and their surroundings for survival-if pesticides or other chemicals polute the water, what happens?
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| Unit 1 culture | the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs- ethnic group is the GROUP of people who share a culture
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| Unit 1 ethnic group | a GROUP of people who share a common history, language, religion (there are 8 characteristics of culture--learn them all)-sometimes physical characteristics/traits can indicate an ethnic group--NOT ALWAYS.
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| Unit 1 dialect | the local form of a language that differs from the same language in other areas-people in different parts of the same country and speak the same language have different words or slang expressions
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| democracy | a form of limited government (the government has only a certain amount of power-limited) where all the people have equal power in the country- PEOPLE HAVE THE POWER
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| monarchy | a king or queen inherits the right to rule and has unlimited power - KING/QUEEN HAS THE POWER
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| dictatorship | an unlimited government (NO limits-THIS LEADER HAS ALL THE POWER)in which a dictator makes all laws and stops any opposition by FORCE
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| cultural diffusion | the process of spreading new knowledge and skills to other cultures- U.S. students are learning Chinese and Spanish--Mexican food in the U.S., etc.
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| civilization | highly developed cultures (know the 8 characteristics/traits of culture)- not a tribe of people roaming around
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| cultural region | area of the world (may be more than one country together) that have TRAITS IN COMMON
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| death-rate | the number of people out of every 1000 who die in a year
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| birthrate | the number of children born each year for every 1000 people
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| famine | lack of food -drought or insects may have ruined the crops in that region
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| population density | the average number of people living in a square mile or square kilmeter
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| urbanization | the movement of people from farms and villages to cities
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| emigrate | when people leave the country where they were born and move to another country (they EXIT)
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| refugee | a person who flees to another country to escape persecution(punishment) or disaster (hurricane)
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| natural resources | proucts of the earth that people use to meet their needs- trees, oil, water
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| renewable resources | resources that cannot be used up or they can be replced naturally or grown again- vegetation
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| nonrenewable resource | minerals found in the earth's crust that cannot be renewed-(can't make more of it)- oil, gold, coal, iron, copper, etc.
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| economic system | different types of governments have different SYSTEMs of how their people can to earn money & run businesses, what goods to produce & services are needed & how they are exchanged(bought & sold)
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| export | a business company in China sells goods to a company (Dollars Store) in the U.S(goods exit the country)
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| import | businesses in the U.S. buy & bring in the goods(items/stuff/products)from a business in a foreign country to sell to the people here -a company in China buys textiles from India & makes shirts-then a business in the U.S. may buy and bring the shirts here
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| tariff | tax on imported goods(items/stuff/products)
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| quota | number limit- Ex. a company in Germany is only allowed to sell 5 million cars to car companies in the U.S.
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| free trade | removing trade barriers(keeps you from doing something) so that goods can trade easily amoung countries-(not a lot of taxes, tariffs, quotas) on goods/products being traded--which drives up the price/cost
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| developed countries | countries that have strong governments and a lot of manufactuting/businesses with FEWER farmers and A LOT BIG businesses--like grown adults who work & can pay the bills
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| developing countries | countries that are working toward industrialization (these countries have MORE farmers THAN businesses people & factory workers)-they are poorer countries-like a teenager still developing-not old enough work & pay all the bills
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| rights | benefits and protections guarenteed to you by law
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| responsibilities | duties that you owe to other citizens and your government
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| interdependence | when countries help each other by trading goods- NO country has everything it needs- Ex.- a U.S. company sells metal to Japan, Japan makes a product/good(car)& sells to a car company in France & the car company sells to their people
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| globalization | the development of a world culture & an interdependent economy (linking/connecting the world's nations by buying and selling goods)-needing each other for our resources (human & natural)and markets to sell the goods (countries with rich people to buy)
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