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Unit 1 Vocab

7-5 Petersen: Unit 1 Ch.1-3 (The World)

Word	Definition
Ch 1 geography	the study of the earth in all its variety
Ch 1 landforms	individual features of the land
Ch 1 enviroment	natural surroundings
Ch 1 global positioning system (GPS)	a group of satellites traveling around the earth that recieve signals that determine the exact latitude and longitude of a certain thing or area
Ch 1 geographic information system (GIS)	special computer software that helps geographers gathe many different kinds of information about the same place that can be combined and put on maps
Ch 1 artifact	any object made by man, such as tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, etc.
Ch 1 fossils	remains of animal or plant life from the past
Ch 1 solar system	earth, eight other planets and thousands of smaller bodies that all revolve around the sun
Ch 1 orbit	path that a body in the solar system travels around the sun
Ch 1 atmoshpere	the layer of air surrounding the Earth
Ch 1 axis	the imaginary line that runs through the Earth's center between the North and South poles
Ch 1 revolution	one complete orbit around the sun
Ch 1 leap year	a year that has an extra day; it occurs every 4th year
Ch 1 summer solstice	on or about June 21st, the day with the most hours of sunlight and the fewest hours of darkness in the Northern Hemishpere
Ch 1 winter solstice	on or about December 22nd, the day with the fewest hours of sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere
Ch 1 equinox	when the day and night are of equal length in both hemispheres
Ch 1 core	the center of the earth
Ch 1 mantle	a layer of rock and magma that surrounds the core - (chocolate in a peanut M & M)
Ch 1 magma	melted rock
Ch 1 crust	the outer layer of the earth; on which we stand-shell of the M&M)
Ch 1 continent	massive land area located on the crust
Ch 1 plate techtonics theory	the crust is like the broken egg shell of a hard boiled egg-each broken section is call a plate or huge slabs of rock -the plates sit on top of the mantle and can 'wiggle around'
Ch 1 earthquake	a violent and sudden movement of the earth's crust
Ch 1 tsunamis	a huge under water wave created by undersea earthquakes
Ch 1 faults	cracks in the earth's crust
Ch 1 weathering	the process of BREAKING surface rock into boulders, gravel, sand and soil due to water and frost, chemicals and even plants
Ch 1 erosion	the process of wind and water CARRYING AWAY the weathered material on the earth's surface
Ch 1 glaciers	giant, slow moving sheets of ice--bottom of it melts because of the weight of it--then it slides to a lower elevation
Ch 1 elevation	height above sea level
Ch 1 plains	large stretches of land that is flat or rolling(small hills) at a LOW elevation
Ch 1 plateaus	flat land, but it is at a HIGHer elevation than the surrounding land
Ch 1 isthmus	a narrow piece of LAND that CONNECTS two larger pieces of LAND--'land connects land'-like in Panama
Ch 1 peninsula	a piece of land with water on THREE sides- Florida
Ch 1 island	a body of land completely surrounded by water-like Hawaii
Ch 1 continental shelf	land underwater all along the coast/edge of the continents and extends out in the ocean for several miles -
Ch 1 trenches	valleys on the floor of the ocean
Ch 1 strait	a narrow body of water between two pieces of land--'water connects water'--like between Spain and Africa
Ch 1 channel	the same as a strait but wider
Ch 1 delta	soil/silt washes down rivers and deposits (dumps out) into an ocean, sea, or gulf -the silt starts building up and creates little island-like areas at the mouth of the river (where the river flows into the gulf, etc)
Ch 2 water vapor	water that turns into gas-evaporated water coming from the water on the surface of the earth-the gas cools and condenses forming clouds
Ch 2 water cycle	when the water goes from the oceans to the air to the ground and finally back to the oceans
Ch 2 evaporation	the process of when the sun's heat turns liquid water into water vapor
Ch 2 condensation	when water vapor CHANGES BACK into a liquid- the dropplets get cold (high altitude)& huddle together or _____________
Ch 2 precipitation	water falling back to the earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail, depending on the air temperature (cold=snow & heat=rain)
Ch 2 collection	the process in the water cycle during which streams and rivers carry water back to the oceans--the oceans, seas, lakes, catch/hold the water
Ch 2 groundwater	water that soaks through the soil and runs down into tiny cracks and holes in the rock layers below the surface of the earth--then runs to the lowest area
Ch 2 aquifers	it is the underground ROCK LAYERS stacked so that the groundwater water gets trapped and fills up like a giant bowl of water underground
Ch 2 weather	the unpredictable changes in the air that take place over a SHORT period of time
Ch 2 climate	the usual, predictable pattern of weather (average amount PRECIPITATION AND average TEMPERATURE in a region over a LONG period of time--what's the climate like there (what's the weather like today)
Ch 2 Tropics	low latitude region near the Equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (some regions are very hot & rainy and some regions are hot and dry)--very warm/hot, EXCEPT in the HIGHLANDS
Ch 2 drought	a long period of extreme dryness
Ch 2 El Nino	combination of temperature, wind and water in the Pacific Ocean that causes heavy rains in some areas and drought in others-cause when east cold winds are weak allowing the Pacific to warm
Ch 2 La Nina	pattern of unusual weather in the Pacific Ocean; winds from the east become very strong, cooling more of the Pacific
Ch 2 currents	moving streams of water under water
Ch 2 local winds	the patterns of wind caused by landforms in a particular area-'when the winds come whipping down the plains' (or whipping through canyons, and down mountains, etc) ex. Santa Ana Winds-southern California, sirroco winds from north Africa to Italy
Ch 2 greenhouse effect	the buildup of certain gases in the atmosphere that, like a greenhouse, hold more of the sun's warmth
Ch 2 rain shadow	a dry region on the 'LeeWard'(Less Water)side of the mountains-(the other side is on the coast. The wind blows over the water (windward side)-it rains on that side, leaving no H2O for the Leeward side.
Ch 2 rain forest	dense (thick) forest that recieves high amounts of rain each year in tropics-list it's latitude belt____
Ch 2 savannas	broad grasslands PLAINS with FEW trees hot,fairly dry-list it's latitude belt____
Ch 2 marine west coast climate	weather patterns characterized by rainy and MILD winters and COOL summers-near large bodies of water -list it's latitude belt____
Ch 2 Mediterranean climate	weather pattern characterized by rainy and MILD winters and HOT, dry summers-near large bodies of water list it's latitude belt____
Ch 2 humid subtropical climate (SUB means next to)	climate with HOT, rainy summers and SHORT(3 MONTHS OR SO), MILD winters list it's latitude belt____
Ch 2 humid continental climate	climate with long(or fairly long depending on the latitude), COLD and snowy winters and short (3 months or so), HOT summers-more inland- (hint: inner area of an ice cube / inner area of a piece of hot coal)
Ch 2 subartic climate (what does SUB mean?)	climate with SEVERLY COLD and BITTER winters and SHORT (3 mo. or so), COOL summers
Ch 2 tundra	vast (large amount), treeLESS PLAINS, FROZEN soil in winter
Ch 2 steppe	partly/FAIRLY dry grassland PLAINS often found on the EDGES of a DESERTS
Ch 2 acid rain	when chemicals in air pollution combine with precipitation
Ch 2 deforestation	cutting down of forests without replanting them
Ch 2 crop rotation	changing what is planted in a field to avoid using up all the same minerals in the soil
Ch 2 conservation	the careful use of resources so they are not wasted
Ch 2 irrigate	to pump water from a source (aquifer) through pipes to a giant sprinkler system to water farms
Ch 2 pesticides	powerful chemicals that kill crop-destroying insects and can harm people, soil, water, animals
Ch 3 ecosystems	places where plants and animals are dependent upon one another and their surroundings for survival-if pesticides or other chemicals polute the water, what happens?
Ch 3 culture	the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs- ethnic group is the GROUP of people who share a culture
Ch 3 ethnic group	a GROUP of people who share a common history, language, religion (there are 8 characteristics of culture--learn them all)-sometimes physical characteristics/traits can indicate an ethnic group--NOT ALWAYS.
Ch 3 dialect	the local form of a language that differs from the same language in other areas-people in different parts of the same country and speak the same language have different words or slang expressions
Ch 3 democracy	a form of limited government (the government has only a certain amount of power-limited) where all the people have equal power in the country- PEOPLE HAVE THE POWER
Ch 3 monarchy	a king or queen inherits the right to rule and has unlimited power - KING/QUEEN HAS THE POWER
Ch 3 dictatorship	an unlimited government (NO limits-THIS LEADER HAS ALL THE POWER)in which a dictator makes all laws and stops any opposition by FORCE
Ch 3 cultural diffusion	the process of spreading new knowledge and skills to other cultures- U.S. students are learning Chinese and Spanish--Mexican food in the U.S., etc.
Ch 3 civilization	highly developed cultures (know the 8 characteristics/traits of culture)- not a tribe of people roaming around
Ch 3 cultural region	area of the world (may be more than one country together) that have TRAITS IN COMMON
Ch 3 deathrate	the number of people out of every 1000 who die in a year
Ch 3 birthrate	the number of children born each year for every 1000 people
Ch 3 famine	lack of food -drought or insects may have ruined the crops in that region
Ch 3 population density	the average number of people living in a square mile or square kilmeter
Ch 3 urbanization	the movement of people from farms and villages to cities
Ch 3 emigrate	when people leave the country where they were born and move to another country (they EXIT)
Ch 3 refugee	a person who flees to another country to escape persecution(punishment) or disaster (hurricane)
Ch 3 natural resources	proucts of the earth that people use to meet their needs- trees, oil, water
Ch 3 renewable resources	resources that cannot be used up or they can be replced naturally or grown again- vegetation
Ch 3 nonrenewable resource	minerals found in the earth's crust that cannot be renewed-(can't make more of it)- oil, gold, coal, iron, copper, etc.
Ch 3 economic system	different types of governments have different SYSTEMs of how their people can to earn money & run businesses, what goods to produce & services are needed & how they are exchanged(bought & sold)
Ch 3 export	a business company in China sells goods to a company (Dollars Store) in the U.S(goods exit the country)
Ch 3 import	businesses in the U.S. buy & bring in the goods(items/stuff/products)from a business in a foreign country to sell to the people here -a company in China buys textiles from India & makes shirts-then a business in the U.S. may buy and bring the shirts here
Ch 3 tariff	tax on imported goods(items/stuff/products)
Ch 3 quota	number limit- Ex. a company in Germany is only allowed to sell 5 million cars to car companies in the U.S.
Ch 3 free trade	removing trade barriers(keeps you from doing something) so that goods can trade easily amoung countries-(not a lot of taxes, tariffs, quotas) on goods/products being traded--which drives up the price/cost
Ch 3 developed countries	countries that have strong governments and a lot of manufactuting/businesses with FEWER farmers and A LOT BIG businesses--like grown adults who work & can pay the bills
Ch 3 developing countries	countries that are working toward industrialization (these countries have MORE farmers THAN businesses people & factory workers)-they are poorer countries-like a teenager still developing-not old enough work & pay all the bills
Ch 3 rights	benefits and protections guarenteed to you by law
Ch 3 responsibilities	duties that you owe to other citizens and your government
Ch 3 interdependence	when countries help each other by trading goods- NO country has everything it needs- Ex.- a U.S. company sells metal to Japan, Japan makes a product/good(car)& sells to a car company in France & the car company sells to their people
Ch 3 globalization	the development of a world culture & an interdependent economy (linking/connecting the world's nations by buying and selling goods)-needing each other for our resources (human & natural)and markets to sell the goods (countries with rich people to buy)

Created by: petersen123 on 2010-01-12

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Unit 1 Vocab

7-5 Petersen: Unit 1 Ch.1-3 (The World)