reproductive pathology
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| endometriosis | characterized by the prsence and proliferation of ectopic endometrial tissue; non-neoplastic and has no relation to endometrial cancer
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| endometriosis | may be caused by retrograde dissemination of endometrial fragments through the fallopian tube during menstruation; occurs most often in the pelvic area; manifest clinically by severe menstural related pain
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| endometrial hyperplasia | abnormal proliferation of endometrial glands, usualy caused by excess estrogen stimulation; most often manifest clinically by postmenopausal bleeding; sometimes a precursor lesion of endometrial atypia
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| leiomyoma | most common uterine tumor and most common of all tumors in women
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| leiomyoma | benign neoplasm, is estrogen sensitive; often increases in size during pregnancy and decrfeases following menopause
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| endometrial carcinoma | most common gynocological malignancy, occurs in older age group (55-65); predisposed by prolonged estrogen stimulation, obesity, diabetes, and HTN
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| bartholin cyst | due to obstruction of bartholin ducts, can be secondarily infected, most often by N. gonorrheae or, less often, staph
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| vulvar dystrophies | group of disorders of epithelial growth that often present with leukoplakia
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| lichen sclerousus and hyperplastic dystrophy of vulva | no malignant potential
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| Atypical hyperplastic dystrophy of vulva | premalignant ; pruiritis and leukoplakia
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| candidiasis | most common form of vaginitis, cuased by candida albicans (normal flora)
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| candidiasis | assocaited with DM, pregnancy, broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, oral contraceptive use and immunosuppresion
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| candidiasis | white, patch like mucosal lesion, thick white discharge and pruritus
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| papillary hidradenoma | most common benign tumor of vuvla; originates from apocrine sweat glands; presents as a labial nodule; may ulcerate. cured by excision
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| condyloma acuminatum | benign squamous cell papilloma caused by HPV(usually 6 and 11), multiple wart like lesions
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| condyloma acuminatum | characterized histologically by koilocytes, expanded epithelial cells twith perinuclear clearing
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| squamous cell carcinoma | most common malignant tumor of the vulva, peak occurence in older women, may be preceded by vulvar dystrophy; often associated with HPV infection type 16,18,31,33
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| sarcoma botryoides | rare variant of rhabdomyosarcoma; occurs in children younger than 5, presens as multiple polypoid masses resembling a bunch of grapes projecting into vagina, often protruding from the vulva
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| leiomyosarcoma | bulky tumor with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage, typically arising de novo
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| leiomyosarcoma | highly aggressive tumor with tendancy to recur, may protrude from the cervix and bleed
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| polycystic ovarian syndrome | stein-leventhal syndrome
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| polycystic ovarian syndrome | increased LH production leads to anovulation, hyperandrogenism due to deranged steroid synthesis; manifests clinically by amenorrhea, infertility, obesity and hirsutism
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| follicular cysts | distension of unruptured graafian follicle. may be associated with hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia
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| corpus luteum cysts | hemorrhage into sorpus luteum, menstrual irregularity
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| theca-lutein cysts | often bilateral and multiple. due to gonadotropin stimulation. Associated with choriocarcinoma and moles
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| chocolate cysts | blood containing cyst from ovarian endometriosis
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| dysgerminoma | analogous to male seminoma
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| yolk sac tumor | similar to testicular from; produces alpha feto protein
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| choriocarcinoma | like testicular version; increased human chorionic growth factor
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| teratoma | all 3 germ layers. mature teratoma is benign. immature teratoma is an aggressive malignant tumor
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| struma ovarii | contains functional thyroid tissue
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| serous cystadenoma | bilateral, lined with fallopian tube like epithelium; benign
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| serous cystadenocarcinoma | malignant, frequently bilateral
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| mucinous cystadenoma | multilocular cysts lined by mucus-secreting epithelium; benign
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| mucinous cystadenocarcinoma | malignant
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| brenner tumor | benign, resembles bladder epithelium
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| ovarian fibroma | bundles of spindle shapted fibroblasts
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| meigs syndrome | triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
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| granulosa cell tumor | secretes estrogen causing precocious puberty or endometrial hyperplasia, call- exner bodies
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| dysplasia and carcinoma in situ | disordered epithelial growth begins at basal layer and extends outward, classified by extent of dysplasia (CIN1-3) associated with HPV. may progress to invasive carcinoma
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| invasive carcinoma | often squamous cell carcinoma
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| benign prostatic hyperplasia | may be due to age related increase in estradiol with the possible sensitization of the prostate by DHT; characterized by nodular enlargment of periurethral lobes, compressing urethra to slit
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| prostatic adenocarcinoma | arises most often from posterior lobe and is more frequently diagnosed by digital rectal exam. osteoblastic metastases in bone may develop in late stages
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| seminoma | malignant germ cell tumor, mid 30's age group, painless enlargment of the testes, sometimes associated with incresed serum hCG, is radiosensitive
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| fibrocystic disease | presents with diffuse brest pain and multiple lesions, bilateral, usually does not indicate increase risk for carcinoma
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| fibrosis | hyperplasia of stroma
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| cystic | fluid filled
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| sclerosing | increased acini and intralobular fibrosis
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| epithelial hyperplasia | increase in number of epithelial layers in terminal duct lobule, increased risk of carcinoma with atypical cells, occurs >30 years
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| fibroadenoma | most common tumor, < 25 years; small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges, increased size and tenderness during pregnancy
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| cstosarcoma phyllodes | large, bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts. tumor may have leaf like projections
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| malignant breast tumors | common post menopausal. arise from mammary duct epithelium or lobular glands. over expression of setrogen/progesterone receptors common
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| ductal carcinoma in situ | early malignancy without basement membrane penetration
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| invasive ductal, no specific type | firm fibrous mass. common. poorer outcome
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| comedocarcinoma | ductal, with cheesy consistancy due to central necrosis
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| inflammatory tumors | lymphatic involvment; poor prognosis
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| invasive lobular | often multiple; bilateral
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| medullary tumor | fleshy, cellular, lymphatic infiltrate; good prognosis
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| paget's disease of the breast | eczematous patches on nipples
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| paget cells | large cells with lcear halo; suggest underlying carcinoma
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