Urinary Systen
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kidneys are located | posterior to the peritoneum and in the superior lumbar region
🗑
|
||||
| major factor regulating sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid (ECF) is | aldosterone
🗑
|
||||
| structural and functional units of the urinary system are | nephrons
🗑
|
||||
| glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule | correct pathway of glomerular filtrate through the nephron
🗑
|
||||
| hilus is not | a layer surrounding the kidney
🗑
|
||||
| painful urination | dysuria
🗑
|
||||
| "tube" that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world is | urethra
🗑
|
||||
| "tube" that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is | ureter
🗑
|
||||
| urinary bladder is made up of | 3 smooth muscle layers
🗑
|
||||
| when moderately full the urinary bladder may contain | 500ml of urine
🗑
|
||||
| two sphincters are found in | urethra
🗑
|
||||
| by the age of 4 yrs old, children should be able to control | voluntary urination through the night
🗑
|
||||
| this drops by about 50% by the age of 70 | glomerular filtration rate
🗑
|
||||
| the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle ____ sodium chlorida into interstitim | actively transports
🗑
|
||||
| active transport in ascending limb of the Loop of Henle _____ concentration of interstitium | increases
🗑
|
||||
| the fluid inside the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle becomes more | diluted
🗑
|
||||
| highest concentration of NaCl- in the Loop of Henle is found | near bottom of the loop
🗑
|
||||
| descending limb of the Loop of Henle supplies ____ to ascending limb | sodium chloride
🗑
|
||||
| the cells in the descending loop are not permeable to solute, therefore | filtrate becomes more concentrated as water diffuses out
🗑
|
||||
| very dilute urine with a low specific gravity in the urine indicates | diabetes insipidus
🗑
|
||||
| excessive fluid intake would lead to the formation of | dilute urine with a low specific gravity
🗑
|
||||
| blood flows into the glomerulus from | afferent arteriole
🗑
|
||||
| Podocytes are | cells of the inner layer of the glomerular capsule
🗑
|
||||
| fluid enters the loop from the | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
🗑
|
||||
| bladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle, collectively known as the | detrusor muscle
🗑
|
||||
| bladder wall mucosa consists of | transitional epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| detrusor muscle & transitional epithelium make the bladder uniquely suited for | storage
🗑
|
||||
| regulation of blood pH, by elimination of excess acids/alkaline substances from body, is accomplished by | renal mechanism
🗑
|
||||
| what are the structural and functional units of the kidneys involved in forming urine? | nephrons
🗑
|
||||
| what enzyme produced by the kidneys helps to regulate blood pressure? | renin
🗑
|
||||
| aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, helps to | regulate the concentration of sodium ions and other ions in the extracellular fluid
🗑
|
||||
| what is normally present in filtrate forced from glomerular capillaries but doesn't normally appear in the urine? | glucose
🗑
|
||||
| filtrate that is formed is essentially blood plasma, which lacks a vital component | proteins
🗑
|
||||
| what enters the renal tubule by both filtration & secretion? | creatine
🗑
|
||||
| when appear in urine, indicate a problem | blood cells are normally too large to pass through the filtration membrane
🗑
|
||||
| cystitis | inflammation of urinary bladder
🗑
|
||||
| pyelitis | inflammation of a kidney
🗑
|
||||
| polyuria | excretion of a large volume of urine
🗑
|
||||
| located within ventral cavity, retroperitoneal position, superior lumbar region | kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| ADH increases the permeability of the nephron walls to facilitate | tubular reabsorption
🗑
|
||||
| release of aldosterone is triggered by | Low sodium ion levels, high potassium ion levels, & rising levels of angiotensin
🗑
|
||||
| lies deep in the kidney & consists of many triangular regions with a striped appearance | renal medulla
🗑
|
||||
| triangular areas in renal medulla | renal pyramids
🗑
|
||||
| Cortical tissue that extends between the medullary or renal pyramids is termed | renal columns
🗑
|
||||
| Each kidney is surrounded by a layer of fibrous tissue called | renal capsule
🗑
|
||||
| one of the small extensions of the renal pelvis into which the renal papillae open | calyx
🗑
|
||||
| if one dissected a medullary or renal pyramid, what structure would be found? | collecting tubules
🗑
|
||||
| when blood volume drops for any reason arterial blood pressure | drops
🗑
|
||||
| when blood volume drops for any reason hypothalamic osmoreceptors react by becoming | more active
🗑
|
||||
| when hypothalamic osmoreceptors become more active they | send impulses to the posterior pituitary for the release of ADH
🗑
|
||||
| The proximal portion of the nephron is located in which layer of the kidney? | Renal cortex
🗑
|
||||
| The cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus | secrete renin
🗑
|
||||
| catalyzes a series of reactions resulting in angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction | when juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin
🗑
|
||||
| expansion of the ureter into the substance of the kidney forms | renal pelvis
🗑
|
||||
| flat funnel-shaped tube, which is continuous with the ureter as it leaves the kidney | the renal pelvis
🗑
|
||||
| filtrate materials found in the nephron first leave the blood at | the glomerulus
🗑
|
||||
| notch on the medial surface of the kidney, through which the blood vessels enter and leave the kidney, is called | the renal hilus
🗑
|
||||
| portion of the nephron that is most closely associated with the collecting duct is called | the distal convoluted tubule
🗑
|
||||
| enlarged, cup-shaped, closed end of renal tubule, which completely surrounds glomerulus | the Bowman's capsule
🗑
|
||||
| tubular reabsorption | uptake of substances from the lumen of the nephrons
🗑
|
||||
| three processes, which result in the formation of urine, are | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, & tubular secretion
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of renin? | catalyses the formation and release of angiotensin
🗑
|
||||
| most superficial region of the kidney | the renal cortex
🗑
|
||||
| where does most reabsorption of substances from the glomerular filtrate occur? | in the proximal convoluted tubule
🗑
|
||||
| endocrine gland primarily concerned with sodium & potassium ion balance in the body | the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone
🗑
|
||||
| erythropoietin | hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| function of paired ureters | serves as transportation channels to carry urine away from one body region to another
🗑
|
||||
| function of urinary bladder | provide temporary storage reservoirs for urine
🗑
|
||||
| kidney | small, dark red organs with kidney-bean shape extend from T12 to L3
🗑
|
||||
| gives a fresh kidney a glistening appearance | fibrous capsule
🗑
|
||||
| perirenal fat capsule | surrounds each kidney, acting as cushion against blows
🗑
|
||||
| renal fascia | outermost capsule, anchoring kidney & holds in place against muscles of trunk wall
🗑
|
||||
| ptosis | kidneys drop to a low position
🗑
|
||||
| rapid weight loss can lead to | a condition called ptosis
🗑
|
||||
| ptosis may cause the ureters of kidneys to | becomed kinked & urine backs up exerting pressure on kidney tissue
🗑
|
||||
| hydronephrosis | distention of renal pelvis and calices with urine
🗑
|
||||
| result of obstruction/atrophy of urinary tract | hydronephrosis
🗑
|
||||
| renal medulla | deep to cortex, darker reddish-brown
🗑
|
||||
| renal cortex | outer region, light in color
🗑
|
||||
| apex , tip, points | toward inner region of kidney
🗑
|
||||
| base faces | toward cortex
🗑
|
||||
| renal columns separate | renal pyramids with extensions of cortex-like tissue
🗑
|
||||
| renal pelvis is medial to | hilum; it is a flat, basin-like cavity
🗑
|
||||
| the renal pelvis is continuous with | ureter, leaving hilum
🗑
|
||||
| calyces, which collect urine, are | extensions of the renal pelvis; cup-shaped areas enclosing tips of pyramids
🗑
|
||||
| the blood supply of the kidneys | is rich
🗑
|
||||
| about 1/4 of total blood supply of body | passes through kidneys each minute
🗑
|
||||
| renal artery | arterial blood supply of kidney
🗑
|
||||
| renal artery approaches hilum where it divides into | segmental arteries
🗑
|
||||
| segmental arteries give off several branches called | interlobar arteries
🗑
|
||||
| interlobar arteries | travel through renal columns to reach cortex
🗑
|
||||
| interlobar arteries give off the arcuate arteries at | the cortex-medulla junction
🗑
|
||||
| arcuate arties | curve over medullary pyramids
🗑
|
||||
| cortical radiate arteries branch off | arcuate arteries
🗑
|
||||
| cortical radiate arteries | run outoward to supply cortical tissue
🗑
|
||||
| venous blood draining from kidney flows through veins that | trace pathway of arterial supply, but in reverse
🗑
|
||||
| the veins of the kidney emerge from | the kidney hilum
🗑
|
||||
| there are no segmented | veins
🗑
|
||||
| glomerulus | knot of capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| renal tubule | closed end enlarged, cup-shaped & completely surrounds glomerulus
🗑
|
||||
| Bowman's capsule | visceral layer made up of highly modified, octopus-like cells
🗑
|
||||
| renal tubule surrounds | the Bowman's capsule
🗑
|
||||
| podocytes | porous membrane surrounding glomerulus; cells of the Bowman's capsule
🗑
|
||||
| foot processes of podocytes | long branching processes that intertwine with one another & cling to glomerulus
🗑
|
||||
| filtration slits | openings in podocytes, between extensions
🗑
|
||||
| renal tubule extends from glomerular capsule coils & twists, makes a hair-pin loop, | then coils & twists again entering collecting duct
🗑
|
||||
| as the renal tubule leaves glomerular capsule, coiling & twisting, it is | called the proximal convoluted tubule, or PCT
🗑
|
||||
| when the renal tubule makes its hair-pin loop, it is | called the loop of Henle
🗑
|
||||
| when the renal tubule leaves the loop of Henle, coiling & twisting it is | called the distal convoluted tubule, or DCT
🗑
|
||||
| lumen surface | surface exposed to filtrate
🗑
|
||||
| lumen surfaces of PCT are covered with | dense microvilli
🗑
|
||||
| the dense covering of microvilli, in the PCT | increases their surface area
🗑
|
||||
| most nephrons are called cortical nephrons because | located almost entirely in the cortex
🗑
|
||||
| situated close to cortex-medulla junction & their loops of Henle dip deep into medulla | juxatmedullary nephrons
🗑
|
||||
| collecting ducts | receive urine from nephrons & run downward through renal pyramid
🗑
|
||||
| deliver final urine product into calyces & renal pelvis | the collecting ducts
🗑
|
||||
| each nephron is associated with 2 capillary beds | glomerulus & peritubular
🗑
|
||||
| glomerulus capillary bed | specialized for filtration
🗑
|
||||
| afferent arteriole | arises from cortical radiate artery; "feeder vessel" of the nephron
🗑
|
||||
| efferent arteriole | receives blood that has passed through glomerulus
🗑
|
||||
| fed & drained by arterioles, unlike any other in the entire body | the glomerulus capillary bed
🗑
|
||||
| in the glomerulus capillary bed pressure is much higher because | arterioles are high-resistance vessels & afferent arteriole has larger diameter than efferent
🗑
|
||||
| the extremely high pressure in the glomerulus capillary bed | forces fluids & solutes out of blood into glomerular capsule
🗑
|
||||
| peritubular capillary bed | arises from efferent arteriole that drains glomerulus
🗑
|
||||
| low-pressure, porous vessels adapted for absorption instead of filtration | the peritubular capillary bed
🗑
|
||||
| peritubular capillary bed cling closely to length of renal tubule, so they can | receive solutes & water from tubule cells as they are reabsorbed from filtrate in tubule
🗑
|
||||
| peritubular capillary bed drains into | interlobular veins leaving cortex
🗑
|
||||
| glomerular filtration is a nonselective, passive process where | fluid passes from blood into glomerular capsule portion of renal tubule
🗑
|
||||
| once fluid in glomerular capsule, called filtrate, which is essentially | blood plasma without blood proteins
🗑
|
||||
| as long as the systemic blood pressure is normal | filtrate will be formed
🗑
|
||||
| filtrate production stops if | arterial blood pressure falls too low
🗑
|
||||
| when arterial blood pressure falls too low filtration stops because | glomerular pressure becomes inadequate to force substances out of blood into tubules
🗑
|
||||
| oliguria | abnormally low urinary output between 100-400ml/day
🗑
|
||||
| anuria | abnormally low urinary output less than 100ml/day
🗑
|
||||
| tubular reabsorption begins as soon as | filtrate enters PCT
🗑
|
||||
| PCT cells are | "transporters"
🗑
|
||||
| reabsorption of most substances depends on | active transport processes
🗑
|
||||
| tubular reabsorption uses membranes carries & are | very selective
🗑
|
||||
| nitrogenous waste products | urea, uric acid, & creatinine
🗑
|
||||
| poorly reabsorbed & found in high concentrations in urine | nitrogenous waste products
🗑
|
||||
| urea | formed by liver as an end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are use for energy
🗑
|
||||
| uric acid | released when nucleic acids are metabolized
🗑
|
||||
| creatinine | associated with creatine metabolism in muscle tissue
🗑
|
||||
| in order to maintain blood pH & electrolyte composition of the blood | various ions are either reabsorbed or allowed to leave in the urine
🗑
|
||||
| DCT & collecting duct are also active in | the tubular reabsorption process
🗑
|
||||
| tubular secretion is | tubular reabsorption in reverse
🗑
|
||||
| tubular secretion also gets rids of substances | not already in filtrate, such as certain drugs, excess K+ or to balance blood pH
🗑
|
||||
| in 24 hours, 150 to 180 liter of blood plasma is | filtered by glomeruli into tubules
🗑
|
||||
| in 24 hours, 1.0 to 1.8 liters | of urine is produced
🗑
|
||||
| freshly voided urine is normally | clear to deep yellow
🗑
|
||||
| urochrome | pigment resulting from body's destruction of hemoglobin, gives urine yellow color
🗑
|
||||
| diluted urine is | pale, straw color
🗑
|
||||
| amonia odor in urine is caused by | action of bacteria on the urine solutes
🗑
|
||||
| urine pH is usually | slightly acidic 6
🗑
|
||||
| changes in body metabolism & certain foods may cause urine to be | more basic or acidic
🗑
|
||||
| diabetes mellitus can alter | the usual odor of urine
🗑
|
||||
| acid-ash foods | diet of large amount of protein & whole-wheat products causes urine to become more acidic
🗑
|
||||
| alkaline-ash diet | makes urine alkaline because kidneys excrete excess bases; vegetarian diet
🗑
|
||||
| bacterial infection of urinary tract can cause | urine to be alkaline
🗑
|
||||
| urine weighs more, or is more dense than | distilled water
🗑
|
||||
| specific gravity | compare how much heavier urine is than distilled water
🗑
|
||||
| sensitve early marker for kidney damage | proteinuria
🗑
|
||||
| each urter runs behind peritoneum from | renal hilum to posterior aspect of bladder, entering at a slight angle
🗑
|
||||
| peristalsis of smooth muscles layers of ureters | propel urine into the bladder
🗑
|
||||
| small valvelike folds of bladder mucosa flap over the urter openings preventing | urine from flowing back into ureters from bladder
🗑
|
||||
| when urine is extremely concentrated solutes, such as uric acid salts, form | crystals that precipitate in renal pelvis
🗑
|
||||
| renal calculi | crystals in renal pelvis, or kidney stones
🗑
|
||||
| lithotripsy | use ultrasound waves to shatter calculi, so they can be painlessly voided in urine
🗑
|
||||
| urinary bladder is a | smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine
🗑
|
||||
| the urinary bladder is located | retroperitoneally in pelvis, just posterior to pubic symphysis
🗑
|
||||
| ureteral orifices | two ureter openings
🗑
|
||||
| internal urethral orifice | single opening of urethra
🗑
|
||||
| trigone | smooth traingular ergion of bladder base outlined by ureter & internal urethra orifices
🗑
|
||||
| infections tend to persist in this region | trigone
🗑
|
||||
| urethra | thin-walled tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body, via peristalsis
🗑
|
||||
| bladder-urethra junction a tickening of smooth muscle form | the internal urethral sphincter
🗑
|
||||
| internal urethral sphincter | involuntary sphincter keeping urethra closed when urine is not being passed
🗑
|
||||
| external urethral sphincter | skeletal muscle as urethra passes through pelvic floor; voluntarily controlled
🗑
|
||||
| urethritis | inflammation of urethra
🗑
|
||||
| micturation/voiding | act of emptying the bladder
🗑
|
||||
| impulses transmitted to sacral region of spinal cord & back to the bladder | via pelvic splanchnic nerves
🗑
|
||||
| pelvic splanchnic nerve impulses cause | the bladder to go into reflex contractions, causing the need to void
🗑
|
||||
| incontinence | unable to voluntarily control external sphincter
🗑
|
||||
| in children incontinence is usually due to | emotional problems
🗑
|
||||
| urinary retention is a condition in which | the bladder in unable to expel its contained urine
🗑
|
||||
| often occurs after surgery or due to hyperplasia of prostate gland | urinary retention
🗑
|
||||
| hyperplasia | enlargement
🗑
|
||||
| catheterization is treatment for | the condition of urinary retention
🗑
|
||||
| blood composition depends on | cellular metabolism, diet & urine output
🗑
|
||||
| water account for about 75% of body weight in | babies with little fat and low bone mass
🗑
|
||||
| water account for about 50% of body weight in | women who have more fat than muscle
🗑
|
||||
| water account for about 60% of body weight in | men who have more muscle than fat
🗑
|
||||
| water account for about 45% of body weight in | eldery
🗑
|
||||
| fluid compartments | three main locations with the body occupied by water
🗑
|
||||
| intracellular fluid (ICF) | fluid compartment contain within living cells
🗑
|
||||
| extracellular fluid (ECF) | fluid compartment including all body fluids outside the cells
🗑
|
||||
| 2/3 of body fluid is contained in | ICF & ECF
🗑
|
||||
| ECF includes | blood plasma, intersitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, serous fluids, humors of eyes, lymph & others
🗑
|
||||
| plasma links | internal & external enviroments
🗑
|
||||
| important to overall body homeostasis | types & amounts of solutes in the body
🗑
|
||||
| deficit of sodium ions in ECF results in | water loss from bloodstream into tissue spaces & muscular weakness
🗑
|
||||
| thirst mechanism | driving force for water intake
🗑
|
||||
| an increase in plasma solute content of 2-3% | excites hypothalamic thirst center
🗑
|
||||
| reabsorption of water & electrolytes by kidneys is regulated | primarily by hormones
🗑
|
||||
| osmoreceptors | highly sensitive cells in hypothalamus react to change in blood composition
🗑
|
||||
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | hormone prevents excessive water loss in urine
🗑
|
||||
| nerve impulses, caused by active osmoreceptors, are sent to | posterior pituitary to release ADH
🗑
|
||||
| target for ADH is | the kidney's collecting ducts
🗑
|
||||
| sodium ion is the electrolyte most responible for | osmotic water flows
🗑
|
||||
| 80% of sodium in filtrate is | reabsorbed in PCT of kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| for each sodium ion reabsorbed | chloride ion follows & potassium ion secreted into filtrate
🗑
|
||||
| water follows | salt
🗑
|
||||
| renin-antiotensin mechanism | most important trigger for aldosterone release
🗑
|
||||
| juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of complex modified smooth muscle cells (JG cells) in | the afferent arteriole
🗑
|
||||
| juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of modified epithelial cells | forming part of the DCT
🗑
|
||||
| when JG apparatus stimulated by low blood pressure in afferent arteriole | respond by releasing renin into blood
🗑
|
||||
| acts directly on adrenal cortical cells to promotes aldosterone release | when juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin
🗑
|
||||
| acidosis | drop in arteial blood pH below 7.35
🗑
|
||||
| alkalosis | arterial blood pH rises above 7.45
🗑
|
||||
| physiological acidosis | any arterial blood pH between 7.35 & 7
🗑
|
||||
| acid-base balance is distrubed by | acidic substances entering the blood, due to H ions originating as by-products of cellular metabloism
🗑
|
||||
| kidneys assume most of load for maintaining | acid-base balance of the blood
🗑
|
||||
| chemicals buffers are systems of 1 or 2 molecules that | act to prevent dramatic changes in H+ concentration when acids/bases are added
🗑
|
||||
| first line of defense in resisting blood pH changes | are chemical buffers
🗑
|
||||
| weak acids are effective at preventing pH changes since they are | forced to dissociate & release more H+ when pH rises over desirable range
🗑
|
||||
| important role in chemical buffer system | weak acids
🗑
|
||||
| weak bases are valuable chemical buffers becasue | when Ph drops, they become "stronger" & tie up more H+
🗑
|
||||
| three major chemical buffer systems are | bicarbonate, phosphate & protein
🗑
|
||||
| bicarbonate buffer system | mixture of carbonic acid & sodium bicarbonate
🗑
|
||||
| strong acid is changed to a weak one, in the bicarbonate buffer system, by | salt acts as base to tie up H+ released by stronger acid forming more carbonic acid
🗑
|
||||
| cabon dioxide is released expelled from the lungs at the same rate as | it is formed in the tissues
🗑
|
||||
| lungs can elimanate cardon dioxide but the other acids generated during metabolism | can only be elimanted by the kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| only the kidneys have the ability to regulate blood levels | of alkaline substance
🗑
|
||||
| most potent mechanism for regulating blood pH | is the kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| most important menas the kidneys maintain acid-base balance of blood are | extreting bicarbonate ions & reabsorbing or generating new bicarbonate ions
🗑
|
||||
| urine pH varies from | 4.5 to 8
🗑
|
||||
| variation in urine pH reflects the ability of | renal tubules to excrete basic/acid ions to maintain blood pH homeostasis
🗑
|
||||
| the third set of tubule system in an embryo | develops into the functional kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| embryo is excreting urine by | the third month of fetal life
🗑
|
||||
| polycystic kidney | degenerative condition where one or both kidenys enlarged with cysts containing urine
🗑
|
||||
| two most common congenital kidney diseases | polycystic kidney & hypospadias
🗑
|
||||
| hypospadias | condition found in males only, when urethral orifice located on ventral surface of penis
🗑
|
||||
| newborn kidneys are not able to concentrate urine for the 1st 2 months because | bladder is very small
🗑
|
||||
| escherichia coli | normal residents of digestive tract
🗑
|
||||
| excherichia coli are dangerous pathogens | when they enter urinary system
🗑
|
||||
| account for about 80% of urinary tract infections | escherichia coli
🗑
|
||||
| glomerulonephritis | glomerular filters become clogged with antigen-antibody complexes from strep infections
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Medical sets