Terminology
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| ovaries | pair of almond-shaped organs located in the pelvic cavity. Egg cells are formed & stored in the ovaries.
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| ovum (pl. ova) | female egg cell
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| graafian follicles | 100,000 microscopic sacs make up a large part of ovaries. Each follicle has an immature ovum. Normally one follicle develops to maturity monthly b/w puberty & menopause, moves to the surface of the ovary, releases the ovum, & passes to the uterine tube.
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| uterine, or fallopian, tubes | pair of 5-inch (12 cm) tubes, attached to the uterus, that provide a passageway for the ovum to move from the ovary to the uterus
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| fimbria (pl. fimbriae) | finger-like projection at the free end of the uterine tube
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| uterus | pear-sized & pear-shaped muscular organ that lies in the pelvic cavity, except during pregnancy when it enlarges & extends up into the abdominal cavity. Its functions are menstruation, pregnancy, and labor.
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| endometrium | inner lining of the uterus
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| myometrium | muscular middle layer of the uterus
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| perimetrium | outer thin layer that covers the surface of the uterus
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| corpus, or body | large central portion of the uterus
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| fundus | rounded upper portion of the uterus
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| cervix (Cx) | narrow lower portion of the uterus
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| vagina | a 3-inch (7-8 cm) tube that connects the uterus to the outside of the body
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| hymen | fold of membrane found near the opening of the vagina
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| rectouterine pouch | pouch between the posterior wall of the uterus & the anterior wall of the rectum (also called Douglas cul-de-sac)
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| Bartholin glands | pair of mucus-producing glands located on each side of the vagina & just above the vaginal opening
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| mammary glands, or breasts | milk-producing glands of the female. Each breast consists of 15-20 devisions, or lobes
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| mammary papilla | breast nipple
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| areola | pigmented area around the breast nipple
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| vulva, or external genitals | two pairs of lips (labia major & labia minora) that surround the vagina
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| clitoris | highly erogenous erectile body located anterior to the urethra
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| perineum | pelvic floor in both the male & female. In females it usually refers to the area between the vaginal opening & the anus.
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| arche/o | first, beginning
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| cervic/o, trachel/o | cervix
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| colp/o, vagin/o | vagina
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| culd/o | cul-de-sac
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| episi/o, vulv/o | vulva
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| gynec/o, gyn/o | woman
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| hymen/o | hymen
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| hyster/o, metr/o, metr/i, uter/o | uterus
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| mamm/o, mast/o | breast
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| men/o | menstruation
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| oophor/o | ovary
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| perine/o | perineum
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| salping/o | uterine tube (fallopian tube)
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| peri- | surrounding (outer)
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| -atresia | absence of a normal body opening; occlusion; closure
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| -ial | pertaining to
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| -salpinx | uterine tube (fallopian tube)
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| amenorrhea | absence of menstrual discharge
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| Bartholin adenitis | inflammation of a Bartholin gland (also called bartholinitis)
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| cervicitis | inflammation of the cervix
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| colpitis, vaginitis | inflammation of the vagina
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| dysmenorrhea | painful menstrual discharge
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| endocervicitis | inflammation of the inner (lining) of the cervix
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| endometritis | inflammation of the inner (lining) of the uterus (endometrium)
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| hematosalpinx | blood in the uterine tube
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| hydrosalpinx | water in the uterine tube
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| hysteratresia | closure of the uterus (uterine cavity)
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| mastitis | inflammation of the breast
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| menometrorrhagia | rapid flow of blood from the uterus at menstruation (& between menstrual cycles; increased amount)
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| menorrhagia | rapid flow of blood at menstruation (increased amount)
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| metrorrhagia | rapid flow of blood from the uterus (between menstrual cycles)
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| myometritis | inflammation of the uterine muscle (myometrium)
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| oligomenorrhea | scanty menstrual flow (less often)
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| oophoritis | inflammation of the ovary
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| perimetritis | inflammation surrounding the uterus (perimetrium)
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| pyosalpinx | pus in the uterine tube
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| salpingitis | inflammation of the uterine tube
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| salpingocele | hernia of the uterine tube
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| vulvovaginitis | inflammation of the vulva & vagina
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| adenomyosis | growth of endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus
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| breast cancer | malignant tumor of the breast
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| cervical cancer | malignant tumor of the cervix, which progresses from cellular dysplasia to carcinoma. Its cause is linked to human papillomavirus infection.
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| endometrial cancer | malignant tumor of the endometrium (also called uterine cancer)
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| endometriosis | abnormal condition in which endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus in various areas in the pelvic cavity, including ovaries, uterine tubes, intestines, & uterus
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| fybrocystic breast disease | a disorder characterized by one or more benign cysts in the breast
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| fibroid tumor | benign fibroid tumor of the uterine muscle (also called myoma of the uterus or leiomyoma)
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| ovarian cancer | malignant tumor of the ovary
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| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | inflammation of pelvic organs-caused by different pathogens. If untreated, it may spread upward from vagina, involving the uterus, u. tubes, ovaries, & other pelvic organs. Ascending infection may cause: infertility &, in acute cases, fatal septicemia.
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| prolapsed uterus | downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina (also called hysteroptosis)
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| toxic shock syndrome (TSS) | a severe illness characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, & myalgia, followed by hypotension &, in severe cases, shock & death; usually affects menstruating women using tampons. Caused by Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes.
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| vesicovaginal fistula | abnormal opening between the bladder & the vagina
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| cervicectomy | excision of the cervix
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| colpoperineorrhaphy | suture of the vagina & perineum (performed to mend perineal vaginal tears)
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| colpoplasty | surgical repair of the vagina
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| colporrhaphy | suture of the vagina (wall of the vagina)
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| episioperineoplasty | surgical repair of the vulva & perineum
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| episiorrpaphy | suture of (a tear) in the vulva
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| hymenectomy | excision of the hymen
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| hymenotomy | incision of the hymen
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| hysterectomy | excision of the uterus
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| hysteropexy | surgical fixation of the uterus
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| hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy | excision of the uterus, uterine tubes, & ovaries
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| mammoplasty | surgical repair of the breast (performed to enlarge or reduce in size, to lift, or to reconstruct after removal of a tumor)
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| mastectomy | surgical removal of a breast
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| oopherectomy | excision of an ovary
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| perineorrhaphy | suture of (a tear in) the perineum
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| salpingectomy | excision of a uterine tube
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| salpingo-oophorectomy | excision of the uterine tube & ovary
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| salpingostomy | creation of an artificial opening in a uterine tube (performed to restore patency)
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| trachelectomy | excision of the cervix
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| trachelorrhaphy | suture of the cervix
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| vulvectomy | excision of the vulva
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| anterior & posterior colporrhaphy (A & P repair) | when a weakened vaginal wall results in a cystocele (protrusion of the bladder against the anterior wall of the vagina) & a rectocele (protrusion of the rectum against the posterior wall of the vagina), an A & P repair corrects the condition
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| conization | the surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix; used in the treatment for noninvasive cervical cancer (also called cone biopsy)
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| dilation and curettage (D & C) | dilation (widening) of the cervix & scraping of the endometrium with an instrument called a curette. It is performed to diagnose disease, to correct bleeding, & to empty uterine contents.
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| endometrial ablation | a procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser or thermal energy; used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
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| laparoscopy or laparoscopic surgery | visual examof abdominal cavity, by inserting a laparoscope through tiny incision near the umbilicus. For surgical procedures such as tubal sterilization, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, or biopsy of the ovaries. It may also be used to diagnose endometriosis.
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| myomectomy | excision of a fibroid tumor (myoma) from the uterus
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| sentinel lymph node biopsy | injection of blue dye/radioactive isotope used to identify the sentinel lymph node(s), the first in the axillary chain & most likely to contain metastases of breast cancer. They're removed & microscopically examined. If negative, no more are removed.
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| stereotactic breast biopsy | a technique that combines mammography & computer-assisted biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lesion
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| tubal ligation | closure of the uterine tubes for sterilization by cutting, tying, or cauterizing (also called tubal sterilization & tying of tubes)
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| uterine artery embolization (UAE) | minimally invasive procedure to treat uterine fibroids by blocking arteries that supply blood to fibroids. An arteriogram is used to identify the vessels. Then tiny gelatin beads are inserted into vessels to create a blockage. Fibroids ultimately shrink.
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| hysterosalpingogram | radiographic image of the uterus & uterine tubes (after an injection of a contrast agent)
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| mammogram | radiographic image of the breast
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| mammography | radiographic imaging of the breast (also called Digital Mammography when images are obtained using computed radiography or direct digital radiography)
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| sonohysterography (SHG) | process of recording the uterus by use of sound (an ultrasound procedure)
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| colposcope | instrument used for visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)
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| colposcopy | visual examination (with a magnified view) of the vagina (and cervix)
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| culdoscope | instrument used for visual examination of Douglas cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch)
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| culdoscopy | visual examination of Douglas cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch)
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| hysteroscope | instrument used for visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)
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| hysteroscopy | visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)
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| culdocentesis | surgical puncture to remove fluid from Douglas cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch)
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| transvaginal sonography (TVS) | ultrasound procedure-uses transducer placed in vagina to obtain images of ovaries, uterus, cervix, uterine tubes, & surrounding structures; used to diagnose masses-ovarian cysts/tumors, to monitor pregnancy, & evaluate ovulation for infertility treatment
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| CA-125 (cancer antigen-125 tumor marker) | blood test used in the detection of ovarian cancer. It is also used to monitor treatment & to determine the extent of the disease.
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| Pap smear | a cytological study of cervical & vaginal secretions used to determine the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells; most commonly used to detect cancers of the cervix (also called Papanicolaou smeanr & Pap test)
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| gynecologist | a physician who studies & treats diseases of women (female reproductive system)
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| gynecology (GYN) | study of women (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the female reproductive system)
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| gynopathic | pertaining to diseases of women
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| leukorrhea | white discharge (from the vagina)
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| mastalgia | pain in the breast
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| mastoptosis | sagging breast
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| menarche | beginning of menstruation (usually occurring between the ages of 11 & 16)
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| vaginal | pertaining to the vagina
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| vulvovaginal | pertaining to the vulva & vagina
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| dyspareunia | difficult or painful intercourse
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| fistula | abnormal passageway between two organs or between an internal organ & the body surface
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| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | replacement of hormones to treat symptoms associated with menopause (also called Estrogen Replacement Therapy [ERT])
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| menopause | cessation of menstruation, usually around the ages of 48-53
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| premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | a syndrome involving physical & emotional symptoms occurring in the 10 days before menstruation. Symptoms include nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia, edema, & headache. Its cause is not fully understood.
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| speculum | instrument for opening a body cavity to allow visual inspection
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| FBD | fibrocystic breast disease
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| TAH/BSO | total abdominal hysterectomy/bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
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| TVH | total vaginal hysterectomy
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