Essentials of Medical Terminology - Ch. 11
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| endocrine system consists several glands | hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, & pancreas
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| 2 categories of endocrine gland | central & peripheral
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| central endocrine glands include | hypothalamus & pituitary
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| central endocrine glands | coordinate to regulate body functions (water & salt balance, growth, reproduction, & metabolism)
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| peripheral endocrine glands include | thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, & pancreas
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| thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, & pineal | prdouction of hormones
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| pancreas | not only produce hormones but is important to digestive system functions
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| endocrine function | don't have ducts...hormones are secreated into the bloodstream to be received by target organs
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| exocrine function involves | secretion of fluids into ducts for delivery to a site
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| hypothalamus secretes trophic hormones | which have effect on pituitary activity
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| infundibular | pea-sized pituitary gland hangs from the hypothalamus by a stalk
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| pituitary gland divided | 2 lobes (anterior & posterior lobes)
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| anterior lobes secretes | 7 hormones (5 are stimulating & 2 don't)
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| 5 hormones stimulating are | adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH), Growth (GH), Thyroid-stimulating (TSH), follicle-stimulating (FSH), & luteinizing hormone (LH)
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| ACTH-adrenocorticotrophic | stimulate adrenal cortex to produce & secrete cortisol & aldosterone
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| GH-growth (somatotrophin) | stimulate growth in all body cells & release of the hormone somatomedin
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| TSH-thyroid-stimulating (thyrotrophin) | stimulate thyroid gland to produce & secrete own hormone (thyroxne-T4 & triiodothyronine T3)
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| FSH-follicle-stimulating (gonadotrophin) | stimulates development of gonads (ovaries & testes)
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| LH-luteinizing | trigger ovulation (females) but regulate testosterone secretion (males)-ICSH-interstitial cell stimulating hormone
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| 2 hormones not stimulating | prolactin (PRL) & melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)
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| PRL-prolactin (not trophic) | stimulates breast development & milk production
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| MSH-melanocyte-stimulating (not trophic) | stimulates melanocytic activity in the skin
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| posterior lobe store & secrete 2 hormones | antidiuretic (ADH-vasopressin) & oxytocin
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| ADH-antidiuretic | prevents excessive loss of water
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| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions to assist child-birth & also regulates flow of milk from mammary glands
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| thyroid gland is in throat area | produce T3 &T4; which regulate metabolic rate & increase energy production
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| thyroid gland also secretes | calcitonin (regulates blood calcium levels)
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| parathyroid glands (4 egg-shaped glands) | secrete PTH which regulate calcium & phosphorus level
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| adrenal glands | sit on top of the kidneys
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| adrenal cortex (3 groups) produce | mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & sex hormones
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| mineralocorticoids (inc. aldosterone) | regulates sodium & potassium levels
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| glucocorticoid (inc. cortisol-hydrocortisone) | antibody production; response to stress; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, & proteins
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| sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) | development of secondary female & male characteristic
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| adrenal medulla (2 group) produce | catecholamines-adrenaline (epinephrine) & nonadrenaline (norepinephrine)
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| catecgikanubes | help body respond to stress
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| pineal gland locate deep in brain & secrete melatonin | involved with the activity of the reproductive system
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| pancreas lies (has endocine & exocrine function) | behind stomach & secretes pancreatic juice
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| pancreas endocrine function | produce insulin & glucagon
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| pancreas exocrine function | secrete pancreatic juice which travel along the pancreatic duct into the duodenum
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| insulin | converts glucose into its storage form, glycogen, & stimulates the absorption of sugar by body cells
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| glucagon | reconverts the glycogen into glucose when the body needs sugar
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| immun/o | safe
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| radi/o | radioactive
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| -genesis | production
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| -gen | producing
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| eu- | normal
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| acr/o | extremity; top
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| -megaly | enlargement
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| acromegaly | enlargement of many skeletal structures including the extremities, nose, forehead, & jaw
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| aden/o | gland
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| adenoma | benign tumor of a gland
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| adrenal/o;adren/o | adrenal
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| -ectomy | excision; surgical removal
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| adrenalectomy | excision of the adrenal gland
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| andr/o | male; man
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| -gen | producing
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| androgen | substance producing male characteristics such as the hormone testosterone
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| calc/o | calcium
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| -emia | blood condition
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| hypercalcemia | excessive amt of calcium in the blood
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| crin/o | to secrete
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| endocrinologist | specialist in endocrinology
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| endocrinology | study of the diagnosis & treatment of endocrine disorders
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| estr/o | female
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| estrogen | female sex hormones
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| gluc/o | sugar
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| -genesis | production
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| glucogenesis | production of sugar
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| gluconeogenesis | production of sugar from fats & proteins
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| glyc/o | sugar
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| -lysis | breakdown;separation;destruction
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| glycolysis | breakdown of sugars
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| hyperglycemia | excessive amt of sugar in the blood
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| hypoglycemia | deficient amt of sugar in the blood
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| glycogen/o | glycogen (storage from of sugar)
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| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to form glucose
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| gonad/o | gonads; sex glands (testes & ovaries)
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| -ism | condition;process;state of
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| hypergonadism | condition characterized by excessive secretion of gonadal hormones resulting in early sexual developement
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| gynec/o | woman
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| -ia | condition
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| mast/o | breast
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| gynecomastia | abnormal enlargement of the woman breast
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| home/o | same
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| -stasis | standing;stable;stopping;controlling
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| homeostasis | a balanced, yet sometimes varying state
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| insulin/o | insulin
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| hypoinsulinism | condition characterized by decreased amt of insulin secretion resulting in hyperglycemia
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| kal/o | potassium
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| hyperkalemia | excessive amt of potassium in the blood
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| natr/o | sodium
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| hyponatremia | deficient amt of sodium in the blood
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| -genic | produced by
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| pancreatogenic | proudced by the pancreas
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| parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland
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| hyperparathyroidism | condition characterized by excessive secretion of parathormone resulting in loss of calcium from the bone
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| pituitar/o | pituitary gland
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| pan- | all
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| panhypopituitarism | condition characterized by a deficiency of all pituitary hormones resulting indwarfism & deterioration of secondary sex characteristic
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| thyr/o thyroid/o | thyroid glands;shield
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| -oid | resembling
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| eu- | normal; good
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| euthyroid | normal thyroid gland
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| hyperthyroidism | condtion characterized by excessive secretion of the thyroid hormones result in goiter & exophthalmos
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| goiter | enlarged thyroid gland
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| exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyes
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| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid gland
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| thyrotomy | to cut into the thyroid gland
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| ure/o | urea (end product of protein breakdown, found in urine)
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| dia- | through
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| anti- | against
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| antidiuretic hormone | hormone that prevents the loss of excessive amt of urine
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| -assay | analysis of a mixture to identify its contens
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| radi/o | radioactive
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| immun/o | safe
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| radioimmunoassay | blood test used to identify hormone levels in blood plasma (hormones are labeled w/radioactive substance)
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| endocrine hormones | hormones secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream
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| exocrine glands | glands that secrete chemicals into ducts
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| -dipsia | thirst
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| polydipsia | excessive thirst
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| -physis | to grow
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| adenohypophysis | another name for anterior pituitary gland (made up of glandular tissue)
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| neurohypophysis | another name for posterior pituitary gland (made up of neural tissue)
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| -trophic; -tropic | pertaining to nourishment
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| adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) | pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce & secrete its own hormones
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| cortic/o | cortex; outer layer
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| gonadotrophic | pituitary hormone that stimulate the gonads to produce & secrete their own hormones
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| somat/o | body
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| somatotrophic | pituitary hormone that stimulates growth of body tissue
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| oxy- | sharp; quick
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| -tocin | labor
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| oxytocin | pituitary hormone that quickens childbirth
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| OT | oxytocin
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| PRL | prolactin
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| RIA | radioimmunoassay
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| TFT | thyroid function tests
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| TRH | thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
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| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone
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