Life Science: 7th Grade: Chapter 3
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| ___ ___ combines genetic material from two different parent cells. | Sexual reproduction
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| Sexual reproduction creates ___ ___, which helps populations survive changing environmental conditions and disease. | genetic variation
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| The major disadvantages of sexual reproduction are the need to get ___ and ___ together, and the time needed for organisms to reach an age when they can reproduce. | egg, sperm
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| ___ is cell division that produces sperm or egg cells in sexually reproducing organisms. | Meiosis
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| Meiosis ensures that a species’ offspring inherit the correct number of ___. | chromosomes
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| Meiosis produces ___ sperm and egg cells, which combine to form a diploid zygote. | haploid
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| Prophase I: Nuclear membranes break apart and pairs of replicated ___ line upclose to each other. | chromosomes
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| Metaphase I: Pairs of chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell, and fibers attach to each pair of ___ ___. | sister chromatids
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| Anaphase I: Sister chromatids move to ___ ends of the cell. | opposite
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| Telophase I: Nuclear membranes form and ___ divides, producing two cells. | cytoplasm
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| Prophase II: Chromosomes do not ___ before nuclear membrane breaks apart. | replicate
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| Metaphase II: ___ line up along the center of the cell. | Chromosomes
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| Anaphase II: Sister ___ separate, moving to opposite ends of the cell. | chromatids
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| Telophase II: Nuclear ___ reform and the cytoplasm divides. | membranes
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| Meiosis results in ___ haploid nuclei from one diploid nucleus. | four
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| Meiosis I produces two ___ different cells. | genetically
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| Meiosis II produces two ___ haploid cells from each cell produced in meiosis I. | identical
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| Organisms such as plants that alternate between diploid and haploid stages have alternation of ___. | generations
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| In seedless plants, the ___ generation lives on its own. | haploid
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| In seed plants, the haploid generation lives within ___ tissue. | diploid
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| Seedless plants, such as moss and ferns, grow from haploid ___, not seeds. | spores
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| Spores grow by mitosis and cell division to form ___ plants. | haploid
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| ___ results in a diploid zygote that grows by mitosis and cell division into the tiny diploid generation. | Fertilization
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| Sperm cells form inside a hard, protective structure called a ___ ___. | pollen grain
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| Egg cells form inside a female reproductive structure called an ___. | ovary
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| In ___, pollen grains from the male structure reach the female structure. | pollination
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| When sperm enters the ___, fertilization occurs, and a seed develops. | ovule
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| A seed consists of an ___, food supply, and protective covering. | embryo
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| Male cones produce pollen grains and female cones produce ___. | eggs
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| Seeds form as part of the ___ cone | female
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| The flower’s male reproductive organ is the ___; the female organ is the pistil. | stamen
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| Pollen grains form in the ___ at the stamen’s tip. | anther
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| The ___ is a long stalk that connects the anther to the base of the flower. | filament
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| The pollen grains land on the pistil’s ___, which is at the top of a long tube called the style. | stigma
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| A ___ ___ grows from the pollen grain into the stigma, down the style, to the ovary, where fertilization occurs. | pollen tube
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| Each ovule and its embryo will become a ___. | seed
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| The ___ of the plant protects the seed and helps with seed dispersal. | fruit
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| Separate male and female organisms have reproductive organs called ___. | gonads
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| Male gonads called ___ produce sperm | testes
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| Female gonads called ___ produce eggs. | ovaries
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| ___ ___ takes place inside the body of an organism. | Internal fertilization
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| Males deposit ___ in or near the female’s reproductive system. | sperm
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| Animals that use ___ ___ usually protect their eggs during development. | internal fertilization
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| ___ ___ takes place outside the organism’s body. | External fertilization
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| During external fertilization, the female usually releases ___ into water when the male releases sperm. | eggs
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| Most animals that use external fertilization do not ___ their eggs or care for theiryoung. | protect
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| Embryo development in most animals occurs ___ the mother, in an egg surrounded by aprotective covering. | outside
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| In ___, an animal goes through several stages of development. | metamorphosis
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| Embryos that develop inside the mother get nourishment in ___ different ways. | two
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| Some develop inside an egg with a ___ within the mother’s body, until they hatch and leave the mother’s body. | yolk
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| Others, including those of most ___, get nourishment directly from the mother. | mammals
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| ___ ___ produces offspring from a single parent that is identical to the parent organism. | Asexual reproduction
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| Asexual reproduction takes less time and energy than sexual reproduction, and organisms well-adapted to the environment always produce well-adapted ___. | offspring
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| Lack of genetic variation makes populations more susceptible to disease, changes in theenvironment, and harmful ___. | mutations
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| Bacteria, which have no nucleus, reproduce by ___, or producing two identical cells. | fission
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| Some single-celled eukaryotes reproduce by ___, followed by cell division. | mitosis
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| Yeast reproduces by ___, in which a new organism forms on the parent. | budding
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| Many plants can reproduce from ___, in addition to reproducing sexually. | cuttings
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| ___ produces a new organism from part of an animal’s body. Regeneration can also mean regrowth of a missing animal part. | Regeneration
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| Scientists can ___ plants to produce identical plants with desirable genetic traits. | clone
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| Animals can be cloned in the laboratory, but they are often not as ___. | healthy
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