Exam 5 - Lecture 3
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| There are ______ neurons in the brain | 100 billion
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| There are ______ synapses per neuron in the brain | 100-10000
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| Synapse | A junction between tow cells that propagates an electrical impulse
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| How do neurons propagate electrical impulses? | By having a bunch of neurons in a row
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| Faster type of synapse? (Electrical or Chemical) | Electrical Synapse; very rare in the human body
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| More common type of synapse? (Electrical or Chmical) | Chemical Synapse
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| Common Gas Neurotransmitters | Nitric Oxide
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| Common Amino Acid Neurotransmitters | Glutamate, Aspartate, Glycine
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| Common Amino Acid Derivative Neurotransmitters | GABA, Serotonin, Histamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
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| Common Acetylcholine Peptides | Substance P, Opioids, Neuropeptide Y
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| Neurotransmitter | Released from the terminal ends of neurons and has an effect by itself
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| Neuromodulator | Released from the terminal ends of neurons and modulates the effects of neurotransmitters; more commonly peptide and gas molecules
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| Monoamines | Serotonin, Histamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
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| Chatecholamine (Derivatives of Tyrosine) Monoamines | Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
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| Cholinergic Neurons Release | Acetylcholine
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| Dopaminergic Neurons Release | Dopamine
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| Serotonergic Neurons Release | Serotonin
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| Noradrenergic Neurons Release | Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine
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| Adrenergic Neurons Release | Adrenaline/Epinephrine
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| GABAnergic Neurons Release | GABA
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| Glutamanergic Neurons Release | Glutamate
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| Steps of Basic Neurotransmitter Release | 1. Action potential activates voltage gated Ca++ channels 2. Influx of calcium via channels stimulates vesicles with stored neurotransmitters to dock and release neurotransmitters 3. Neurotransmitters drift to receptors
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| What is the slowest part of neuronal signaling? | The time needed for Ca++ influx and vesicle docking
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| More synapses = _____ signal | slower
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| Fastest reflexes have ____ synapse(s) | One; sensory neuron → motor neuron
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| Overstimulation is which toxin? | Black widow spider toxin (latrotoxin)
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| Understimulation is which toxin? | Clostridium Botulinum bacteria toxin (botulinus toxin)
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| Black Widow Spider Toxin (Latrotoxin) works by: | Directly STIMULATING massive vesicle docking and NT release in PNS; motor neurons to release massive amounts of ACh which leads to muscle rigidity (diaphragm contracts and gets stuck) and you die of asphyxiation
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| Clostridium Botulinum Bacteria Toxin (Botulinus Toxin) works by: | Directly INHIBITING vesicle docking and NT release in PNS; motor neurons cannot release ACh which causes muscle paralysis (diaphragm can’t contract) and you die of asphyxiation
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| Negative Regulation of Neurotransmitters at the Synapse | 1. Enzymes that break down NTs (inside synaptic space and inside neurons & glial cells) 2. Reuptake transporters (into neurons and glial cells) 3. Autoreceptors (negative feedback)
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| Where do enzymes break down neurotransmitters? | Inside the synaptic area and inside neurons & glial cells
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| Autoreceptors | Negative feedback of a neurotransmitter by that same neurotransmitter (auto = same)
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| Example of Glutamate Autoreceptor | NMDA Receptor
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| Example of Norepinephrine Autoreceptor | Alpha-2A or Alpha-2C
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| Example Acetylcholine Autoreceptor | Muscarinic-2 or Muscarinic-4
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| Heterororeceptors | Either negative or positive feedback of a neurotransmitter by a different neurotransmitter (hetero = other)
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| Acetylcholinesterase | Inactivates ACh by hydrolysis to actetate and choline; located on postsynaptic membranes
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| Where is Acetylcholinesterase located? | On the postsynaptic membrane
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| How much ACh is degraded by AChE before reaching the receptors? | 50%
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| Each molecule of AChE degrades about ______ molecules of ACh per second | 5000
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| How much ACh is degraded by AChE 20 mSec after receptor binding? | the other 50%
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| Acetylcholine is degraded by AChE to: | Acetate + Choline
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| Irreversible Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors | Toxins: Insecticides, Sarin nerve gas
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| Reversible Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors | Medications: Aricept (donepezil) for Alzheimers
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| Transporters Located on Presynaptic Neuron | 1. Choline Transporter (CHT) 2. Dopamine Transporter (DAT) 3. Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) 4. Serotonin Transporter (SERT)
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| Dopamine Transporter (DAT) is Blocked By: | Cocaine, Wellbutrin (Buproprion)
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| Dopamine Transporter (DAT) is Reversed By: | Amphetamines
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| Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) is Blocked By: | Cocaine, Wellbutrin (Buproprion), Straterra (Atomoxetine)
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| Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) is Inhibited By: | Amphetamines
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| Serotonin Transporter (SERT) is Blocked By: | Paxil (Paroxetine) [SSRI]
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| Transporters Located on Glial Cells | Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (Glutamate and Aspartate)
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| Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) | Inactivates monoamine NTs by oxidation (all except histamine)
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| Which Monoamine doesn’t MAO inactivate? | Histamine
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| Which Monoamines do MAO inactivate? | Serotonin, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
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| Where are MAOs located? | Mostly inside presynaptic neurons
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| Increased MAO activity causes: | Less neurotransmitters which is associated with depression
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| Decreased MAO activity causes: | More neurotransmitters which is associated with antisocial rage behavior (Maori population has high prevalence)
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| Catechyl-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) | Inactivates neurotransmitters by methylation
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| Methylation | Addition of a methyl group to a neurotransmitter so it doesn’t fir the receptor anymore (gum on pen) These molecules then cannot get out through the blood-brain barrier
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| Where are Catechyl-O-Methyl Transferases located? | Inside postsynaptic neurons and astrocytes which clean up “escaped” NTs
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| Which Monoamines do COMT degrade? | Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine)
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| Increased COMT activity causes: | Less neurotransmitters which is associated with schizophrenic behavior
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| Decreased COMT activity causes: | More neurotransmitters which are associated with aggressive behavior
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| Some drugs that directly inhibit COMT are used to treat what disease? | Parkinson’s Disease
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| Where are autoreceptors located? | On the presynaptic membrane
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| Examples of Autoreceptors | Glutamate: NMDA receptors; NE: alpha-2A or 2C; ACh: muscarinic-2 or 4
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| Where are heteroreceptors located? | On the presynaptic membrane
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| Heteroreceptors work on what? | Calcium (which is what releases vesicles containing the other neurotransmitter)
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| Increase in intracellular calcium leads to __________ in release of neurotransmitters | an increase
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| Decrease in intracellular calcium leads to __________ in release of neurotransmitters | a decrease
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| Presynaptic Inhibition | When one neurotransmitter binds to a heteroreceptor and causes a decrease in the release of a different neurotransmitter
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| Examples of Presynaptic Inhibition | GABA can decrease release of NTs; NE can decrease release of ACh; ACh can decrease release of NE
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| Presynaptic Facilitation | When one neurotransmitter binds to a heteroreceptor and causes an increase in the release of a different neurotransmitter
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| Examples of Presynaptic Facilitation | Serotonin can increase the release of some NTs
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| Which ions can be regulates to create excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic cells? | Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-
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| Two Major Receptor Types that Control Ion Channels | Ionotropic Receptors and Metabotropic Receptors
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| Ionotropic Receptor | Neurotransmitter binds and controls ion channel directly
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| Metabotropic Receptor | Neurotransmitter controls ion channel indirectly
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| Four ways to make a cell more excitable (ions) | 1. Open a channel to allow positively charged ions in 2. Open a channel to draw negatively charged ions out 3. Close a channel to prevent positively charged ions from moving out of cell 4. Close a channel to keep negatively charged ions inside cell
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| EPSP | Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (Depolarization) [inside of the cell becomes more positive]
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| IPSP | Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (Hyperpolarization) [cell becomes more negative]
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| Which is easier to do: Hyperpolarization or Depolarization? | Hyperpolarization
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| Excitatory Neurotransmitters | Glutamate and Aspartate
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| Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | GABA and Glycine
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| How many receptors does ACh have? | 7
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| How many receptors does GABA have? | 2
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| How many receptors does Glycine have? | 1
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| How many receptors does Glutamate have? | 4
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| How many receptors does Aspartate have? | 1
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| How many receptors does Dopamine have? | 5
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| How many receptors does Norepinephrine have? | 5
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| How many receptors does Serotonin have? | 7
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| How many receptors does Histamine have? | 3
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| How many receptors does Opiods have? | 4
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