Microbio -2c- Bacterial Genetics
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| What is the complete set of genetic information of an organism called | genome
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| In replication the fact that each new cell ends up with a complete strand from the parent DNA is called what | Semiconservative replication
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| What direction is DNA replicated | 5'to3'
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| What direction is DNA read for replication | 3'to 5'
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| What is the first step in transcription | RNA polymerase recognizes promoter region on DNA
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| Which subunit of RNA polymerase recognizes the promoter region on DNA | Sigma Factor
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| What are the steps to transcription | initiation, elongation, termination
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| What is the structure in the RNA chain that the terminator encodes for | Hairpin loop
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| What is translation | reading of mRNA to make a protein
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| What are the components needed for translation | mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs
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| What is the region on tRNA called that is complementary to the matching region on the mRNA | anticodon
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| What type of gene transfer are bacteria capable of that humans are not where genes are exchanged between bacteria and not only progeny | horizontal gene transfer
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| What are the three mechanisms for genetic transfer in bacteria | DNA-mediated transformation- naked DNA transfered
Transduction-transfer completed via virus
conjugation- DNA transfered by direct contact between cells
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| Where does the naked DNA for transformation come from | ruptured cells
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| What is electroporation | process by which competency (ability to uptake naked DNA) can be artificially induced
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| what is the virus that infects bacteria called | bacteriaphage
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| what is the process by which viruses can transfer DNA between bacteria cells is called | transduction
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| What is generally transferred between bacterial cells in conjugation | Plasmids
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| Which cell is the F+ cell | the cell that transferred the F plasmid to the other
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| what does bacteriostatic mean | inhibits growth
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| what does bactericidal mean | kills microorganism
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| What are the two spectrums of acivity of antimicrobial drugs | narrow and broad spectrum
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| What does selective toxicity refer to | antimicrobial that only harms prokaryotes not human cells
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| HOw do penicillin and cephalosporin stop bacterial growth | stop cell wall synthesis
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| what is the chemical structuer of penicillin and cephalosporins called that inhibits cell wall growth | beta-lactam ring
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| drugs that inhibit protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic | tetracyclins, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol,
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| drug that inhibits protein synthesis and is bactericidal | aminoglycosides
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| how are fluoroquinolones antimicrobials | they inhibit topoisomerases which means bacteria can't remove supercoils formed during replication
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| What type of antimicrobial drug is ciprofloxacin | fluoroquinolone that inhibits topoisomerases
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| what drug inhibits RNA polymerase from initiating transcription, | rifamycins such as rifampin
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| What drug apart from treating gram + and - can also target mycobacterium | rifamycins(rifampin) can treat leprosy and TB
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| Drug that breaks down cell membrane can only be used topically because it can affect eukaryotic cells as well- common ingredient in first aid skin ointments | Polymyxin B
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| What is the test for bacterial resistance to antibiotics | kiryb bauer disc diffusion test
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