Vocabulary & Definitions
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| acetabulum | rounded depression/socket in the pelvis, which joins the femur forming the hip joint
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| acromion | outward extension of shoulder blade forming point of shoulder; overlies shoulder joint & articulates with clavicle
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| articular cartilage | thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space
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| bone | dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeletom
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| calcium | one of the mineral constituents of bone
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| calcium phosphate | major calcium salt in bones
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| cancellous bone | spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
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| cartilaginous tissue | flexible, rubbery connective tissue; found in the immature skeleton, at epiphyseal growth plate & on joint surfaces
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| collagen | dense connective tissue strands of protein found in bone
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| compact (cortical) bone | layer of hard, dense bone lying under periosteum in all bones
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| condyle | rounded, knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint; usually covered by articular cartilage
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| cranial bones | bones of skull; ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid & temporal bones
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| diaphysis | shaft/mid-portion of a long bone
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| disk (disc) | flat, round, plate-like structure
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| epiphyseal line/plate | layer of cartilage at the ends od long bones where lengthwise bone growth takes place, in immature skeleton
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| epiphysis | each end of a long bone; area beyond epiphyseal plate
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| facial bones | bones of face, lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, & zygomatic bones
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| fissure | narrow, slit-like opening in/between bones
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| fontanelle | soft spot between skull bones of an infant
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| foramen | opening/passage in bones where blood vessels & nerves enter & leave
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| foramen magnum | opening of the inferior occipital bone through which spinal cord passes
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| fossa | shallow cavity in a bone
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| Haversian canals | minute spaces for blood vessels in compact bone
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| malleolus | either of 2 bony enlargements (processes) on each side of an ankle; lateral malleolus is part of fibula & medial malleolus is part of tibia
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| manubrium | upper portion of sternum
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| mastoid process | round process of temporal bone behind ear
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| medullary cavity | central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
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| metaphysis | flared portion of a long bone, between diaphysis of the bone & epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone
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| olecranon | large process on the proximal end of ulna; the point of the flexed elbow
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| osseous tissue | bone tissue
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| ossification | process of bone formation
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| osteoblast | bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue
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| osteoclast | large bone cell that function to absorb & remove unwanted bony tissue during growth & healing of fractures
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| periosteum | membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels & nerve tissue
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| phosphorus | mineral found in bones & teeth
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| pubic symphysis | are of confluence of the 2 pubic bones in the midline of the pelvic bone; slightly movable joint separated by a disk of fibrocartilage
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| red bone marrow | soft bone tissue in spongy, cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis
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| ribs | twelve pairs of curved, elongated bones in chest
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| sella turcica | depression in sphenoid bone at base of the skull; location of pituitary gland
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| sinus | hollow, air cavity within the cranial & facial bones
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| styloid process | pole-like process extending downward from temporal bone on each side of skull
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| suture | immovable, fibrous joint; as between bones of the skull
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| temporomandibular joint | connection between temporal bone of skull & mandibular bone of jaw
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| trabeculae | supporting bundles of fibers in cancellous, spongy bone
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| trochanter | large process at neck of femur
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| tubercle | small, rounded process on many bones for attachment of muscles & tendons
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| tuberosity | small rounded elevation on a bone; attachment site for muscles & tendons
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| vertebra | individua backbone composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, lamina & neural canal
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| xiphoid process | lower, narrow portion of sternum
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| yellow bone marrow | fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones
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| articulation | a connection between bones; joint
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| bursae (bursa) | closed sacs of synovial fluid lines with a synovial membrane near but not within joint
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| ligament | connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, & stabalizes a joint
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| suture joint | immovable joint in which apposed bones are closely united; bones of skull
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| synovial cavity | space between bones at synovial joint, containg synovial fluid produced by synovial membrane
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| synovial fluid | viscous fluid containg water & nutrients to nourish as well as lubricate joints to reduce friction
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| synovial joint | freely moving joint
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| synovial membrane | membrane lining synovial joint cavity; produces synovial fluid
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| tendon | type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
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| abduction | muscle movement away from the midline of the body
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| adduction | muscle movement toward the midline of the body
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| dorsiflexion | backward (upward) bending of foot
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| extension | increasing the angle between 2 bones & straightening a limb
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| fascia | fibrous membrane separating & enveloping muscle
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| flexion | decreasing angle btween 2 bones, as in bending a limb
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| insertion of a muscle | connection of muscle to a bone that moves
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| origin of a muscle | connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
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| plantar flexion | motion that extends foot downward toward ground
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| pronation | turning palm backward
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| rotation | circular movement around a central point
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| skeletal muscle | muscle connected to bones; voluntary/striated
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| smooth muscle | muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary/visceral
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| striated muscle | skeletal muscle
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| supination | turning palm forward
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| visceral muscle | smooth muscle
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| chondrocostal | pertaining to cartilage that is attached to ribs
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| ligamentous | pertaining to a ligament
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| lumbosacral | pertaining to the lower bones of back (lumbar & sacral regions)
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| lumbar vertebrae | backbones (5) in region of the waist (middle section below chest)
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| malleolar | pertaining to a malleolus
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| mandibular | pertaining to the lower jaw bone
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| myelopoiesis | formation of bone marrow
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| nasal bone | 2 slender bones that support bridge of nose
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| occipital bone | forms the back & base of skull & joins parietal & temporal bones forming a suture
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| olecranal | pertaining to elbow (olecranon)
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| parietal bones | 2 bones on either side of skull, which form roof & upper part of the side of cranium
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| peroneal | pertaining to the fibula
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| phalangeal | pertaining to finger/toe bones
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| phosphorus | mineral found in bones & teeth
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| radial | pertaining to the radius
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| sacral vertebrae | 5 separated bones that fuse when a young child; in an adult slightly curved traingularly shaped bone (lower back below lumbar region)
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| scapular | pertaining to shoulder blade
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| striated muscle | composed of bands of fibers that make the muscle look striped; attached to bones (voluntary/skeletal muscle)
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| subcostal | pertaining to under the ribs
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| upraclavicular | pertaining to above the collar bone
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| subpatellar | pertaining to under the knee cap
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| suture joint | joint in which apposed bones are closely united
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| temporal bones | two bones that form the lower sides & base of cranium
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| thoracic vertebrae | 12 backbones in region of chest
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| tibial | pertaining to the larger of the two lower leg bones
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| ulnar | pertaining to the ulna
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| visceral muscle | muscle that lines walls of internal organs; smooth/voluntary muscle
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| vomer | thin, single, flat bone that forms lower part of nasal septum
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| zygomatic bones | two bone on each side of the face which form the high portion of cheek, or cheekbones
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| calcaneal | pertaining to heel bone
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| cartilage | flexible, connective tissue that is firmer than muscle, yet softer than bone
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| coccyx | tailbone; four fused coccygeal bones
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| ethmoid bone | thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity & forms part of the orbits of the eye
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| femoral | pertaining to the femur
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| fibular | pertaining to the fibula
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| fibula | smaller of the two leg bones
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| femur | longest & heaviest bone in the body; thigh bone
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| frontal bone | skull bone that forms the forehead & bony sockets that contain the eyes
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| humeral | pertaining to the humerus
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| humerus | upper arm bone
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| iliac | pertaining to the ilium (upper & largest portion of the pelvis bone)
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| ilium | upper & largest portion of the pelvis (hip) bone
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| ischial | pertaining to the ischium (posterior portion of the pevlic bone)
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| ischium | posterior portion of the pevlic bone
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| lacrimal bones | two small, thin bones located at corner of each eye
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| ligament | thickened fibrous bands of connective tissue anchoring one bone to another, adding considerable strength to joint capsule
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| ligamentous | pertaining to a ligament
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| also called bone phagocytes | osteoclasts
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| long bones | very strong bones with broad ends where they join with other bones; large surface area for muscles attachments
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| found ing the thigh, lower leg & upper/lower arms | long bones
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| short bones | small with irregular shape
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| found in wrist & ankle are | short bones
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| flat bones | cover soft body parts
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| shoulder blade, ribs & pelvis bones are all | flat bones
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| sesamoid bone | small, rounded bones; resemble sesame seed in shape
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| found near joints & increase efficiency of muscles near particular joints | sesamoid bones
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| the largest example of a sesamoid bone | kneecap (patella)
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| lies chiefly around diaphysis of long bones | compact (cortical) bone
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| bone head | rounded end of bone separated from body of bone by a neck
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| usually covered by articular cartilage | bone head
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| the bone head of the femur is called | femoral head
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| greater trochanter | large process on femur for attachment of tendons & muscle
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| lesser trochanter | smaller process on femur for attachment of tendons & muscle
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| sometimes called trabecular bone | callcellous bone
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| callcellous bone is much more porous and less dense than | compact bones
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| composed primarily of cancellous bone which contains numberous small holes | ethmoid bone
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| ethm/o means | sieve
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| sphen/o means | wedge
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| mast/o means | breast
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| styl/o means | pole, stake
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| each bone encloses an ear & contains fossa for joining with mandible | temporal bones
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| sphenoid bone | bat-shaped bone that extends behind eyes & forms part of base of skull; joins with frontal, occipital, & ethmoid bones
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| serves as an anchor to hold certain skull bones together | sphenoid bone
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| nasal bones join with frontal bone superiorly & form part of the | nasal septum
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| 2 facial bones that contain fossae for the tear gland & canals for the passage of tear duct | lacrimal bones
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| maxillary bones | two large bones composing massive upper jawbones, joined by suture in median plane
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| mandibular bone | lower jaw bone, joining skull at region of temporal bone, forming TMJ on either side of skull
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| what is the name for the sockets which the manidble & maxillae contain, in which teeth are embedded | alveoli
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| the wall separating the nostils is called the | vomer
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| the sinus functions are to | warm & moisten air that passes through them
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| spinous process | single process on the posterior portion of a vertebra, vertebral arch
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| tranverse process | located on either side of the spinous process
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| lamina | bar-like, inferior to transverse process; located on either side of spinous process
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| neural canal | space between vertebral body & vertebral arch throuh which spinal cord passes
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| verterbal body | inner, thick, round anterior portion of a vertebra
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| intervertebral disk (disc) | pad of cartilage providing flexibility & prevents check to vertebral column
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| clavicle | slender bone, ventrally (one on each side) connecting breastbone to each shoulder blade
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| scapula | 2 flat, traingular bones; one on each dorsal side of thorax
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| scapula joins with clavicle to form a joint called | the acromion
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| acr/o means | extremity
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| om/o means | shoulder
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| acromioclavicluar joint | joint formed by clavicle & acromion joint
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| sternum | flat bone extending down midline of chest
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| uppermost part of sternum articulates on the side with | clavicle & ribs
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| uppermost part of sternum articulates lower, narrower portion with | diaphragm & abdominal muscles
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| xiph/o means | sword
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| articulates with medial aspect of clavicle | manubrium
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| join anteriorly through costal cartilages | the first 7 pairs of ribs
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| ribs 1-7 are called | true ribs
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| true ribs join with | sternum anteriorly and vertebral column in the back
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| costal cartilages | cartilanginous attachments for the first 7 pairs of ribs
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| ribs 8-10 are called | false ribs
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| false ribs join with | vertebral column in back and anteriorly with 7th rib
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| ribs 11 & 12 are called | floating ribs
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| floating ribs are | completely free at anterior ends
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| large head is rounded & joins with glenoid fossa of scapula to form shoulder joint | humerus
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| proximal bony process of the ulna at elbow is called | olecranon
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| there are two rows on four bones in the wrist called | carpals
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| bones at the palm of the hand | metacarpals
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| carpals | wrist bones
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| metacarpals | 5 radiating bones in fingers
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| phalanges | finger bones
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| each finger, except thumb has | three phalanges
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| the three phalanges of the finger are the | proximal, medial & distal
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| phalanx is | singular for phalanges
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| the thumb only has a | proximal & distal phalanx
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| pelvic girdle | collection of bones that support the trunk of body
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| articulates with femur to form hip joint | pelvis girdle
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| adult pelvis is composed of fused bones called | ilium, ischium & pubis
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| ilium, ischium & pubis articulate posteriorly with | the sacrum of the vertebral column
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| dorsally, the two parts of this pelvic girdle bone do not meet; insteaad they join the sacrum on either side | ilium
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| sacroiliac joint | connection between sacrum & iliac bones is firm, with very little motion able to occur
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| iliac crest | superior part of ilium
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| filled with red bone marrow & serves as an attachment for abdominal walls muscles | iliac crest
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| what do you sit on? | ischium & muscles that attach to it
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| pubis | anterior part of pelvis
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| two pubic bones join by way of | a cartilaginous disk
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| pelvic cavity | region within the ring of bone formed by pelvic girdle; rigid architecture to protect internal organs
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| pelvic cavity contains | the rectum, sigmoid colon, bladder & female reproductive organs
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| at its proximal end it has a rounded head fitting into a depression in pelvis | the femur
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| resemblance to a rounded cup Romans used for vinggar | acetabulum
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| "ball and socket" joint/hip joint | head of femur & acetabulum
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| patella | small, flat (sesamoid) bone surrounded by protective tendons held in place by muscle attachments
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| lying anterior to articulation of femur & tibia | patella
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| femur, tibia & patella form | the knee joint
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| tibia | larger of 2 bones in lower leg; runs under skin in front part of leg
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| joins with femur & patella proximally & at distal end flares to form malleolus | tibia
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| fibula | smaller of 2 lower leg bones; thin & well hidden under legs muscles running parallel lateral to tibia
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| talas | first of tarsal bones
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| tibia, fibula & talas form | the ankle joint
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| tarsals | 7 short bones of hind part of foot; resemble carpal bones but are larger
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| calcaneus | largest of the tarsals
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| metatarsal | 5 bones of midfoot, which are similar to metacarpals of hand
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| each of these lead to phalanges of toes | the metatarsas
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| metatarsophalangeal joint | joint between big toe & bone of the foot
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| joint capsule | fibrous tissue surrounding synovial joints
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| synovial membrane | lies under joint capsule & lines synovial cavity between bones
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| located wherever 2 types of tissue are closely opposed & need to slide past one another with little friction | bursae
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| tendons | connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
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| between tendons & bones, ligaments & bones, skin & bones, & any area where bony anatomy prominent | common sites of bursae
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| nucleus pulposus | interior of intervertebral disk
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