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| The group that occupied the lowest level of Chinese Social Heirarchy | Merchants
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| According to Confuscius, the primary ethical relationships include: | father-son, brother-brother, ruler-subject, husband-wife, and friend-friend
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| Han peasants had difficulty enter govt. serivce because of | EDUCATION COSTS
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| the philosophy of Daoism was developed by | Loazi
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| Daoist teaching rejected the idea that | people must fulfill special societial rules
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| The form of Christianity that developed in Byzantine Empire became known as | Eastern Orthodox
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| The spread of Islam into Europe was halted by Charles Martel's victory in | the Battle of Tours, France
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| The first Caliph was | Muhammad's father in law ABU BAKAR
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| The holiest city of Islam is | Mecca
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| The first yr of the Muslim calendar marks the | YATHRIB
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| Followers who backed Ali's claim to Islamic leadership became known as | Shiites
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| During Ramadan Muslims are expected to | fast
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| after the death of Ali and Husayn, Muslims split into two branches | Shiites and Sunni
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| Birthplace of Muhammad | Mecca
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| muslims are expected to take a pilgrimage called | Hajj
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| nomadic herders who inhabited the Arabian Peninsula | Bedouins
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| Homes in Muslim cities were typically constructed | around a central courtyard facing Mecca
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| islam improved position of women by | ending female infantcides
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| Departure of Muhammad from Makkah to Yathrib is known as | HIJRA
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| After the death of Muhammad. Muslims chose a new leader called a | CALIPH
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| The holy scriptures of Islam | Quran
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| near-total authority within a fiew was weilded by the | lord of the fief
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| William the Conqueror earned his title by | defeating Harold for the thron at the Battle of Hastings
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| strongest Germanic group to emerge during the AD 400s were the | Franks
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| wandering preachers who encouraged Catholic loaylty during AD 1200s were called | Missionaries
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| Charlemagne | defended the pope, was big on education and schooling, and he expanded the empire
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| Behavior of knights was governed by a code of honor called | Chivalry
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| The Benedictine Rule specified among other things that | manual labor was connected to spirtual value, poverty, loyalty, chastity
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| first Germanic ruler to accept Catholicism | Clovis
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| The denial of basic church teachings is called | heresy
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| primarily intended to protect feudal rights the Magna Carta eventually | shaped governemental traditions in England and limited the King's power
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| feudal society was characterized by | heirarchial system of duties
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| the goal of the Inquisition was to | torture and punish those of heresy
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| during feudal era, noblewomen | possesed few rights
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| characteristics of medieval castles | keep, wooden tower, fence, moat
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| self-sufficiency of manor was important during the feudal era because | Trade was difficult and they had to defend against highwaymen, pirates, and theives
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| frankish kings | Clovis, Peppin, Charlemagne
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| farmers who cannot leave manor without permission is called | peasants
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| in return for recieving powers previously held by the government, feudal lords | exchanged vows of loyalty and service (FEALTY)
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| under Henry II, feudal rules in England were replaced by | the common law and the jury system
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| the crusades were undertaken to | increase papal power and to fight against muslims
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| craft guild members who recieved pay but were not allowed to open their own shops were called | JOURNEYMEN
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| under the leadership of Joan of Arc, the French broke the seige at: | Orleans
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| The need for a common medium of exchange led to the rise of | a monetary system
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| peasants were enticed to joun the crusades for what reason? | travel, wealth, salvation
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| hundred years war was between | england and france
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| war of roses was caused by | the fact their was no heir to an open throne between the lancasters and yorks
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| Between 1348 and 1350 almost one third of the population of Europe | died from the Black Death (bubonic plague)
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| many commoners disliked the sale of church positions, called | SIMONY
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| by the end of the hundred years war | feudal societies were changing because they needed armies more than they needed vassals
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| the period in AD 1300s called the Babylonian Captivity refers to | when the pope was in being held in France
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| the Crusades contributed to | contact with Byzantium, technology, growth of Mediterannean trade
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| German princes met at Worms to | make Luther give up his writings
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| The term RENAISSANCE refers to the period from about | 1300-1800 AD
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| tbe wealth of Venice during the Renaissance stemmed from its position as | the center of trade
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| Francesco Petrarca was famous for writing | Sonnets to Laura
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| According to the doctrine of predestination | God had long ago determined who would gain salvation: between saints and sinners
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| What countries are part of the Low Countries | Luxemborg, Netherlands, Belgium
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| The INSTITUTES OF CHRISTIAN RELIGION expressed the theological beliefs of | Calvin and his predestination
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| Europe from the 1500s on could be rougly described as religiously divided between | Catholics (south) and Protestants (north)
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| Opponents of Catholic rituals in the Protestant English Church became known as | the Puritans
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| Martin Luther criticized the sale of | indulgences
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| the city that lost its Renaissance leaderships after the interruption of Medici rule was | Florence
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| During the Renaissance, Italian govt was characterized by | oligarchies
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| Anabaptists believed | that they should live outside sinful society
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| ties between the catholic church and england were weakened by | King Henry VIII
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| wrote in England during Renaissance | Shakespeare, Thomas Moore, Samuel Johnson
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| purchase of certificate of indulgence was supposed to provide | a sould with less time in Purgatory
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| the Catholic reformation sparked the growth of the baroque style which emphasized | emotion and exaggeration
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| Lutheranism emphasized | the significance of salvation through faith
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| the renaissnce began in the city-state of | Italy
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| Erasmus's In PRAISE of FOLLY | he attacked ignorant and immoral people of his time including religious clergy
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| Geneva-based leader of the Reformation in Switzerland was | John calvin
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| Humanism encompassed | all worldly objects
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| european explorers encouraged ocean exploration | to find a new and more effective way to trade with Asia
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| Khmer empire was influenced by | Indian Hinduism
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| How did portugal gain control of trade in S.E. Asia | More in south east asia and less in Europe
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| How did Portugal gain control of trade in S.E. Asia? | Sea power and fighting
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| Portuguese lost control of Trade in indian ocean to | Dutch
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| Ming and Qing dynasties followed which of the followinf policies regarding foreign trade? | RESTRICTED FOREIGN TRADE
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| Vietnam was controlled by | China (Han dynasty)
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| Who took control of spic trade from Portuguese | Dutch
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| True of Japan under Tokugawa shoguns: | Western ideas influenced Japan
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| Brazil was influenced by which culture? | Portuguese
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| kingdoms that developed in W. Africa were influenced by | Islamic Revivals
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| The legal code of Hammurabi called for | Justice to prevail and strict punishments
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| Phonecians | contributed to trade and alphabet
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| Zoroaster's teachings | The belief in a single and wise god. he believed in forces of good and evil.
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| Perisans settled in present day | iran
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| public square where meetings took place in greece | agora
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| most greek goods were transported by | cargo ships
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| ruler who established Athenian democracy | Cleisthenes
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| Draco's code of law | improvement because it codified law and created a death penalty
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| Macedonian King who conqured most of Greece by 338BC | Phillip
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| Ptolemy | Egypt
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| Thucydides historical technique was revolutionary because | he went to the places he was writing about
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| Socrates argued at his trial that | the serach for truth was the most important thing
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| In AD 455 Rome was completely ransacked by | vandals
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| Tiberius was killed after proposing a law to | limit latifundia
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| The first Punic war began when Rome resisted the forces of | carthage
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| growing success of provincial and mainland latifundia resulted in | the use of slave labor and it hurt the small farmers because the landless farmers migrated to rome
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| religious beliefs of the Romans were greatly influenced by the | Greeks
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| Sophists | truth is different for each person
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| Edict of Princes to | make farmers to leave thier farms and control inflation
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| goal of 8-fold path | achieve nirvana
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| Daoism emphasizes | harmony between individuals in nature
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| Daoism and confuscianism share emphasis on | life in THIS world
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