Terms & Meanings
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| adenoid hypertrophy | increased development of adenoids
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| adenoidectomy | removal of adenoids
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| adenoids | lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx
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| alveolar | pertaining to an alveoulus
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| alveolus | clusters of millions of minuteair sacs, arising from alveolar ducts
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| plural for alveoli | alvelous
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| anosmia | loss of sense of smell
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| anthracosis | abnormal condition of coal dust in lungs
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| also called black lung disease | anthracosis
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| apex of lung | uppermost portion of lung
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| apical | pertaining to top of an organ
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| apnea | stoppage of breathing
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| asbestosis | abnormal condition of absestos fiber particles in the lungs
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| asphyxia | deficient oxygean & increased cardbon dioxide in bloodstream
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| asthma | chronic inflammation disorder, characterized by airway obstruction
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| caused by bronchial edema, bronchoconstriction & increased mucus production | asthma
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| atelectasis | collapsed lung
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| auscliation | listening for sounds in chest & abdomen using stethoscope
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| bacilli | rod-shaped bacteria that are cause of tuberculosis
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| base of lung | lower portion of lung
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| bronchial alveolar lavage | irrigation/washing of a bronchus by injecting fluid through a bronchoscope & then removing to analyze contents
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| bronchiectasis | abnormal widening of bronchial tubes
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| bronchiole | small bronchial tube
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| bronchiolitis | inflammation of a bronchiole
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| bronchodilator | agent that open bronchial tubes
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| bronchopleural | pertaining to a bronchial tube & pluera
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| bronchoscopy | examination of the bronchi with a fiber-optic or rigid endoscope
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| bronchospasm | involuntary muscular contractions in bronchial tubes leading to narrowing of the bronchi
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| bronchus | branch of trachea leading towards air sacs of lung
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| carbon dioxide | gas produced in tissue cells when oxygen & food combine
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| chest tomograms | xray image series to reaveal chest, layers/sections of the lung
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| chronic bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi persisting over long period of time
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | lung & bronchial tube conditions that block & damage airways & persists over long period of time
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| chronic bronchitis & emphysema are examples of | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| cilia | thin hairs that line nasal passageways & tubes of respiratory tract
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| computed tomography of chest | computer generated xray images showing thoracic structures in cross-section
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| cor pulmonale | enlargement of the right side of the heart due to lung disease
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| croup | acute viral infection in infants & children
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| strider | strained, high-pitched noisy breathing
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| characterized by barking cough, obstruction of larynx & strider | croup
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| cyanosis | abnormal condition of bluish coloration of skin
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| cystic fibrosis | inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in mucous secretions that do not drain normally
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| diaphragm | muscle that separates chest & abdomen
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| diptheria | acute infection of throat caused by diptheria bacteria
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| characterized by formation of a thick membrane that obstructs throat & breathing | diptheria
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| dysphonia | abnormal voice/sound produced by speaking
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| dyspnea | abnormal breathing
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| emphysema | hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
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| empyema | pus in pleural space surrounding lungs
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| endotrachial intubation | tube placed through mouth & throat into trachea to establish an airway
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| epiglottis | leaf-shaped flap of tissue (cartilage)
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| epiglottitis | inflammation of epiglottis
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| epistaxis | nosebleed
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| expectoration | coughin up of mucus/sputum from throat & respiratory tract
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| expiration | process of breathing out or exhalation
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| exudate | fluid, cells or other substances that slowly leave cells/capillaries through pores/breaks in cell membranes
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| glottis | slit-like opening between vocal folds of larynx
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| hemoptysis | spitting up blood from respiratory tract
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| hemothorax | blood in pleural cavity surrounding lungs
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| hilar | pertaining to hilum
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| hilum of lung | midline region where bronchi, blood vessels & nerves enter & exit lungs
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| hydrothorax | water/fluid that accumulates in pleural space surrounding the lungs
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| hypercapnia | increased levels of cardon dioxide in bloodstream
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| hyperpnea | increase in breathing rate
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| hypoxia | deficiency of oxygen in tissues
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| inspiration | act of breathing in
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| inhalation is also called | inspiration
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| laryngeal | pertaining to larynx
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| laryngitis | inflammation of larynx
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| laryngoscopy | endoscopic visual exam of larynx
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| laryngospasm | involuntary contraction of muscles surrounding larynx
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| larynx | voicebox, located at upper region of trachea
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| lobectomy | removal of a lobe/section of an organ
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| lung biopsy | surgical removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic exam of cells
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| lung cancer | malignant tumor arising from lungs & bronchial tubes
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| MRI of chest | magnetic waves create images of chest in all 3 planes of body
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| mediastinoscopy | endoscopic visual exam of mediastinum
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| mediastinum | region between lungs in chest cavity
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| mesothelioma | rare malignant tumor arising in pleura & associated with asbestos exposure
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| nares | nose
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| nasogastric intubation | placement of tube through nose into stomach
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| obstructive lung disease | narrowed airways result in resistance to airflow during breathing
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| asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD & cystic fibrosis are all examples of | obstructive lung disease
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| orthopnea | breathing is only comfortable when a patient is in an upright position
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| oxygen | gas inhaled & entering bloodstream through lungs
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| palatine tonsil | one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in oral pharynx
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| palliative | relieving, but not curing an illness
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| paranasal sinus | one of a pair of air cavities in the bones around the nose
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| parietal plueral | outer layer of pleura lying closest to chest wall
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| peroxysmal | pertaining to a suddent occurance
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| percussion | tapping on surface to determine underlying structure
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| perussis | bacterial infection of throat, larynx & trachea
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| perussis is also called | whooping cough
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| pharyngeal | pertaining to throat/pharynx
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| pharynx | throat, nasopharynx, oropharynx & laryngopharynx
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| phrenic nerve | carries impulses to diaphragm from brain
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| pleura | double-folded membrane surrounding each lung, lining the chest wall
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| pleural cavity | space between pleura surrounding each lung
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| pleural effusion | collection of fluid in pleural cavity
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| pleural rub | scratchy sound produced by inflamed/irritated pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
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| pleurisy | inflammation of pleura, or pleuritis
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| pleurodynia | pain associated with pleura
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| pneumoconiosis | abnormal condition of collection of dust particles in lungs
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| pneumonectomy | removal of a lung
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| pneumonia | acute inflammation & infection of alveoli which fill with pus & products of inflammation
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| pneumothorax | presence of air/gas in pleural cavity causing lung to collapse
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| PET of lung | redioactive substance injected into patient & images reveal the metabolic activity in lung for diagnosis of malignant tumors
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| pulmonary | pertaining to lungs
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| pulmonary abcess | collection of pus in lungs
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| pulmonary angiography | xray recording of lung blood vessels after injecting contrast into the pulmonary artery
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| pulmonary edema | collection of fluid in air sacs & bronchioles of lung
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| pulmonary embolism | clot/material from distant veing that blocks a blood vessel in the lung
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| pulmonary fibrosis | formation of scar tissue in connective tissue of the lung
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| pulmonary function test | tests that measure the breathing mechanics of the lung
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| pulmonary infarction | area of dead tissue in the lung
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| pulmonary parenchyma | essential parts of lungs responsible for respiration
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| bronchioles & alveoli are considered | the pulmonary parenchyma
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| purulent | pus-filled
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| pyothorax | pus collection in the pleural cavity
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| rale | abnormal, fine, crackling sound hear on auscilation when there is fluid in the aveoli
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| respiration | process by which oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged between the body & its enviroment through movement of air in & out of the lungs
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| restrictive lung disease | condition in which lung expansion is limited by diseases that affect the chest, pleura or lung tissue itself.
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| pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage & pheunoconiosis are examples of | restrictive lung disease
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| rhinoplasty | surgical repair of nose
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| rhinorrhea | discharge of mucus from nose
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| rhonchus (rhonchi) | loud, rumbling sound heard on auscilation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
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| sarcoidosis | chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small nodules/tubercles devlops in lungs, lymph nodes, & other organs
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| silicosis | silica glass duct collects in lungs; type of pneumoconiosis
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| sinusitis | inflammation of paranasal sinuses
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| spirometer | instrument to measure breathing
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| sputum | material expelled from chest by coughing/clearing throat; phelgm
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| sputum culture | sputum collected & placed in growth medium to analyze the type of microorganisms present
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| stridor | strained, high-pitched noisy breathing associated with obstruction of larynx/trachea
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| thoracentesis | surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space
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| thoracic | pertaining to the chest
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| thorascopy | endoscopic visualization of chest
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| thoracotomy | incision of chest
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| tonsillectomy | removal of tonsils
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| trachea | windpipe
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| tracheal stenosis | narrowing of trachea
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| tracheostomy | new opening of trachea to outside of body
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| tracheotomy | incision of trachea
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| tube thoracostomy | chest tube passed through opening in skin of chest to continuously drain pleural effusion
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| tuberculin test | determined past/present exposire to TB based on a positive skin test
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| tuberculosis | infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
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| lungs usually involved by other organs may be affected by | tuberculosis
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| ventilation-perfusion scan | detection device records radioactivity after injection of readioisotope/small amounts of inhaled radioactive gas
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| visceral pleura | innermost membrane of pleura, lying closet to lung tissue
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| wheeze | continuous high-pitched whistling sound heard when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration/expiration
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| cor pulmonale | heart failure
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| upper respiratory tract includes | nose, pharynx, adenoids (pharnygeal tonsils), palatine tonsils, epiglottis, larynx & trachea
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| nares is the | entrance to respiratory passageway through which air travels to & from lungs
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| exterior of nares consists of | cartilage & bone overlaid by skin
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| interior of nares consists of | mucous membrane & cilia, forming the lining of nasal cavity
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| nasal cavity lies over the roof of the mouth & is separated by | septum
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| septum | a midline partition of the nasal cavity
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| air passing along the lining of the nares is | warmed, moistened & filtered of impurities/foreign substances
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| alomst the entire lining of respiratory tract is lined with | specialized respiratory mucous membrane
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| the specialized respiratory mucous membrane is composed of | ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
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| the respiratory mucosa is rish in | goblet cells
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| the cilia on surface of respiratory mucosa sweep contaminants in the mucus secretions upward towards the | pharynx to eventually be removed
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| also lined with a mucous membrane which produces secretions that drain into & lubricate the nasal cavity | paranasal sinuses
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| air-filled spaces which help to tighten the bones of skull & serve as resonating chambers for speech | the paranasal sinuses
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| frontal, ethmoid, maxillary & sphenoid are all | part of the paranasal sinuses
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| the uppermost section of pharynx, the nasopharynx, is located | just posterior to the nasal cavity
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| the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and eustachian tube are contained with | the nasopharynx
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| the 2nd division of pharyx, oropharynx, is located | juest behind the mouth
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| palatine tonsils are contained within | the oropharynx
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| 3rd section of pharyx, laryngopharynx, | opens into larynx & esophagus
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| nasal conchae | thin bony plates that project into the nasal cavity; called also turbinates or turbinate bones.
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| larynx consists of | a cartilaginous framework
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| Adam's apple | held together by muscles & ligaments; most prominent portion of larynx; also called thyroid cartilage
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| the larynx is also lined with | a ciliated mucous membrane, which helps to warm, humidify & filter incoming air
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| from the base of the tounge, includes the epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea & thyroid cartilage | the larynx
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| laryngeal muscles function to widen/narrow opening between | vocal cords
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| when air is expired through the glottis it causes the vocal cord to vibrate, producing | sound
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| protects the glottis preventing aspiration of food into airway, by covering entrance to larynx, during swallowing | the epiglottis
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| lower respiratory tract consists of | all segments of bronchial tree & the lungs
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| the only lower airway structures not contained within the lungs are | trachea & main stem bronchi
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| cylindrical tube in neck | trachea
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| the trachea is divided at its lower end into two large airway passages called | the bronchial tubes/bronchi
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| divides the trachea into the two branches | the mediastinum
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| left bronchus enters the | left lung
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| right bronchus is | slightly larger & more verticle that the left, enters the right lung
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| bronchi divide into | primary, secondary & tertiary; in that order
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| bronchioles branch to form miscroscopic tubes called | alveolar ducts
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| perform the function of gas exchange within the lungs | alveoli
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| walls of alveoli consist of | a single layer of epithelial cells
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| once within the bloodstream oxygen binds with iron in the | protein hemoglobin
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| carry oxygen to all parts of the body & carbon dioxide to lungs for expiration | erythrocytes
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| thorax | chest
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| the lungs extend from | the clavicle to the diaphragm
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| primary muscle of respiration | the diaphragm
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| pair of highly elastic organs that provide an enormous surface area for gas exchange | lungs & diaphragm
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| space separating pluera layers contains a small amount of ____ that helps to keep lungs inflated & lubricate during respiration | surfactant
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| modified cone-shaped organs | the lungs
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| basilar | pertaining to the base
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| right lung has a ___________ lobe | right, middle & upper
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| the left lung only has 2 lobes in order to | compensate for the space that the heart takes up in chest cavity
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| ventilation | activity by which air moves into and out of the lungs
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| made up of inspiration & expiration | ventilation
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| during inspiration air flows from the atmosphere into the lungs because | contraction of diaphragm causes pressure within thorax to fall below that of the external enviroment
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| during expiration the diaphragm relaxes upward, which causes | a reduction in volume of thoacic cavity & increased pressure within, forcing air out of the lungs
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| respiration includes | ventilation, gas exchange & gas transport
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| relies on the interdependence of many body systems for its effectiveness | respiration
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| during _____ pressure in the thoarcic cavity increases | expiration
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| during _____ the thoracic cavity expands | inspiration
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| expectorants | agents that help to expel mucus
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