Lab Tests & Clinical Procedures
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| BNP test | measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in blood identifying patients at risk for major complications after MI and with CHF
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| BNP is elevated in patient's with | CHF
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| this is secreted when heart becomes overloaded, acting like a diuretic to help heart function return to normal | brain natriuretic peptide
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| the lipid test would be used to diagnose | hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis
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| high levels of LDLs in a lipoprotein electrophoresis would indicate | atherosclerosis
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| treatment of hyperlipidemia includes | diet low in fat and high in fiber & exercise along with drug therapy of statins
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| niacin | viatmin that helps reduce lipids
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| National guideline for LDL is less than ____ in a normal person and less than ____ in patients with CAD, PVD, and diabetes mellitus | 130mg/dL; 70mg/dL
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| damaged heart muscles release anzymes into the bloodstream; serum enzyme tests for | creatine kinase (CK, troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT)
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| a protein released into circulation after myocardial infarction | troponin
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| ateriography | xray imaging of arteries after injection of contract via a catheter into aorta/artery
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| 64-slice CT scanner is used in | CTA
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| digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | aftering xray taken stored in computer, then contrast material injected to take 2nd image of same area; computer compares two images & subtracts digital data for the first from the 2nd leaving an image of vessels with contrast
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| this is a newer faster test than a standard CT, also called ultrafast CT, taking clear pic of coronary arteries while heart is beating | electron beam tomography (EBCT or EBT)
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| instrument focusing sound waves on blood vessels & echoes bounce off red blood cells | Doppler ultrasound studies
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| Doppler ultrasound studies | examiner is able to hear various alterations in blood flow caused by vessel obstruction
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| Duplex ultrasound | combines Doppler & conventional ultrasound to allow physicians to image the structure of blood vessels & measure speef of blood flow
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| cartoid artery occlusion, aneurysm, varicose veins & other vessel disorders can be diagnosed with | Duplex ultrasound
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| ECHOs | show structure & movement of heart
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| transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) | transducer placed in esophagus providing ultrasound & Doppler information
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| technique that detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms & pericardial fluid | transesophageal echocardiography
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| PET scans can detect | CAD, myocardial function & differences between ischemic heart disease vs. cardiomyopathy
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| this scan is used in patient's who have had an MI, to assess amount of damaged heart muscle; also used in conjuction with an exercise tolerance test | technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
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| sestamibi | radioactive tracer compound used to define areas of poor blood flow in heart muscle
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| show the viability of heart muscle; scarred myocardium shows up as "cold spots" | thallium 201 scan
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| cardiac MRI gives in images in multiple planes to show | aneurysms, cardiac output & patency of peripheral & coronary arteries
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| magnetic waves from an MRI machine can | interfere with implanted pacemakers because they contain metal
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| contrindication for a patient with a pacemaker | an MRI
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| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | type of MRI which gives highly detailed images of blood vessels
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| used to view arteries & blockage inside arteries | MRA
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| begins in the SA node & is between 60 to 100 beats per minute | normal sinus rhythm
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| dysrhythmia | abnormal rhythms
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| rhythm changes are correlated with symptoms recorded in a diary | Holter monitoring
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| common protocol uses 3-minute stages at set speeds & elevations of a treamill | stress test
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| stress test | uses continual monitoring of vital signs & ECG rhythms is important in diagnosis of CAD & left ventricular function
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| for patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death from ventricular dysrhythmias, an implantable ICD or AICD is placed in the upper chest | cardioversion
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| internal mammary & radial arteries & saphenous vein grafts are used to | keep myocardium supplied with oxygenated blood
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| cardiac surgeons use smaller incisions instead of traditional sternotomy to open the chest | CAGB surgery
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| vein & artery grafts, used in CABG surgery, are removed | endoscopically
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| fatty deposits & throboses are removed to open clogged arteries | endarterectomy
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| cartoid endarterectomy | procedure to remove plaque buildup in cartoid artery reducing risk of a stroke
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| extracorporeal circulation | blood leaves body, enters heart lung machine where it is oxygenated, then returns to a blood vessel to circulate through the bloodstream
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| extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO | technique used by the extracorporeal circulation machine
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| intervantional cardiologist place catheter in femoral/radial artery, then threads it up into coronary artery | percutaneous coronary intervention
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| stents | create wide lumens making stenosis less likely
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| drug-eluting stents | coated with plymers that release antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue formation leading to restenosis
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stent placement, laser angiography & atherectomy | percutaneous coronary intervention techniques
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| tissue plasmingogen activator & streptokinase | restore blood flow to heart & limit irreversible damage to heart muscle
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| tPA & streptokinase are drugs | given within 12 hours after the onset of a heart attack
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| thrombolytic agents | reduce mortality in patients with myocardial infarction by 25%
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| advanced cardiac life support includes | CPR plus drugs & defibrillation
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| adenosine diphosphate ADP | blockers used to prevent cardiovascular-related death, heart attack & strokes; also used after all stent procedures
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| electrophysiology study | catheters are inserted into veins & threaded into heart & electrical conduction is measured
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| tachycardias are provoked & measured during | electrophysiology study
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| high-density lipoprotein | high blood levels are associated with lower incidence of coronary artery disease
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| intra-aortic balloon pump | used to support patients in cardiogenic shock
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| multiple-gated acquisition scan | radioactive test of heart function
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| used for myocardial imaging with sestamibi scans | single photon emission computer tomography
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| electrocardiography | recording of heart's electrical activity
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| aids in diagnosis of rhythmic irregularities of the heart | electrocardiography
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| electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) | the record produced by electrocardiography
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| defects in heartbeat may result from | genetic causes, enviromental factors or a combination of both
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| majority of congenital heart defects occur during | fetal development
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| Diagnostic tools used to assess inflammatory disease of the heart include | electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, computed tomography (CT), and cardiac MRI
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| Diagnosis of valvular heart disease is aided by the use of | echocardiography and cardiac catheterization
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| electron beam computed tomography can identify | calcium deposits in and around the coronary arteries
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| computerized tomography angiography takes | three-dimensional images of the heart and coronary arteries very quickly
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| mitral commissurotomy | a procedure in which the mitral valve is divided at the juncture of its cusps to treat stenosis, and valve replacement
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| freestyle heart valve replacement | uses a stentless pig valve
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| Hancock II heart valve replacement | uses a stented valve
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| Carpenter-Edwards heart valve replacement | uses bioprosthesis
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