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| Sound travels in waves that consists of alternating ______ and ______ |
condensation and rarefactions |
| ______ determines pitch |
frequency |
| _____ determines perceived loudness |
amplitude |
| after entering the ear canal, sound will be transmitted via |
vibration of the tympanic membrane on the ossicles which in turn vibrate against the oval window |
| the ossicles of the ear |
malleus, incus, stapes |
| the middle ear is filled with _____ |
air |
| the inner ear is filled with _____ |
fluid (perilymph and endolymph) |
| perilymph is found in the ______ and ______ |
scala vestibuli and scala tympani |
| endolymph is found in the _____ |
scala media |
| hair cells are the receptor cells of the ______ which is found in the _____ |
organi of corti; scala media |
| three compartments of the cochlea |
scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani |
| pressure waves caused by vibration of the ossicles against the oval window cause ossilation of the ____________ |
basilar membrane of the scala media |
| the basilar membrane of the organ of corti consists of _____ rows of hair cells, ____ outer and ___ inner |
4; 3 outer(important for sound amplification); 1 inner (important for sound detection) |
| the apical surface of each hair cell contains a bundle of _________ |
stereocilia |
| basilar membrane movements cause ________ |
the sterocilia to bend |
| the longest sterocilium is called the ________ |
kinocilium |
| if the vibrations of the basilar membrane cause a hair cell's sterocilia to bend towards teh kinocilium it will release ______ neurotransmitter |
more |
| if the vibrations of the basilar membrane cause a hair cell's sterocilia to bend away from the kinocilium it will release ______ neurotransmitter |
less |
| the potassium channels on the hair cells are ______ |
mechanically gated |
| the hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane are ___ and ____ most sensitive to _____ frequencies |
short and stiff; high |
| the hair cells at the apex of the basilar membrane are ____ and ____ and are most sensitive to _____ frequencies |
long and flexible; low |
| the afferents that come from the hair cells synapse upon the ______ ganglion |
spiral |
| spiral ganglion axons project to the ____ nucleus |
cochlear (has a tonotopic arrangement) |
| 3 options for asceding connections from the cochlear nuclei |
dorsal acoustaic stria, intermediate acoustic stria, trapezoid body |
| pathway by which superior olives get bilateral info |
trapezoid body |
| first place in the brain where bilateral auditory information is received |
superior olive |
| after the superior olive the trapezoid body tract joins with the dorsal and intermediate stria to form the ________ which then travels to the ________ |
lateral lamniscus; inferior colliculus |
| the axons that originate in the inferior colliculus synapse in the ______ |
medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus |
| the axons of the mgn of the thalamus ascend to the ____ |
primary auditory cortex |
| A1 has a ____ map |
tonotopic |
| 2 ways brain localizes sound |
1. interaural time differences; 2. interaural intensity differences |
| connection between ears and back of the throat |
eustachian tube |
| a person with ______ will be able to hear a tuning fork if you press it against the temporal bone behind the ear |
conduction deafness (problem with ossicles of the middle ear) |
| a person with ______ deafness has damage to the cochlea (inner ear) |
sensorineural |
| how a cochlear implant works |
by stimulating the VIII nerve directly, bypassing the structures in the inner ear |
