chapter 3 - intro to medicine
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| compact bone | dense, hard, very strong protective outer layer of bone.
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| spongy bone | Lighter, not at strong as compact bone. commonly found in ends & inner portion on long bones. [contain red bone marrow]
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| Red Bone marrow | located in spongy layer of bone, is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells.
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| Yellow Bone marrow | functions as a fat storage area, composed of mostly fat cells. Located in madullary cavity.
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| Cartilage | smooth, rubbery, tough connective tissue which act as shock absorbers between bones.
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| diaphysis | the shaft of a long bone.
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| epiphysis | covered with articular cartilage. Wide end of a long bone.
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| Foramen | Opening in bones where blood, nerves, & blood vessels pass through.
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| synovial joint | contain a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid. created where two bones come together.
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| Ball & socket joints | allow large range of movement in many directions. [hip & shoulder]
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| Hinge joints | move one way. [knee & elbow]
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| Axial Skeleton | includes the skull, vertebral column, & rib cage.
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| Appendicular Skeleton | includes arms & legs. makes body movement possible.
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| Frontal bone | forehead.
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| Parietal bones [2] | forms roof & upper sides of skull.
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| Occipital bones | forms posterior floor & walls of skull.
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| Temporal bones | forms sides & base of cranium. [temples]
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| Sphenoid bone | forms part of base of the skull & floor of the eyeball socket.
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| Ethmoid bone | forms part of the posterior portion of the nose & orbit.
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| Nasal bones | form upper part of bridge of nose.
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| Zygomatic bones | Cheek bones.
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| Maxillary bones | form upper jaw.
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| Lacrimal bones | form inner eye.
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| Palatine bones | form part of hard palate of mouth and nose.
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| inferior conchae | interior nasal septum. base for it.
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| mandible | lower jaw.
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| Temporomandibular joint [TMJ] | where jaw is attached to the skull.
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| 1st set of ribs | 7 pairs. called true ribs.
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| 2nd set of ribs | 3 pairs. called false ribs.
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| 3rd set of ribs | 2 pairs. floating ribs.
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| sternum | breastbone, located in middle of ribs.
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| manubrium | bony structure at top of breastbone.
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| Body of sternum | middle part.
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| xiphoid process | made of cartilage at bottom of sternum.
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| shoulders | pectoral girdle that supports arms & hands.
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| clavical | collar bone.
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| scapula | shoulder blade.
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| humerous | bone of upper arm.
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| Radius | smaller shorter bone of arm [thumb side]
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| Ulna | larger bone in forearm.
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| carpals | 8 bones that form wrist.
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| metacarpals | 5 bones that form palms.
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| Phalanges | 14 bones that make up fingers.
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| cervical vertebrae | [c1-c7] 1st set of 7 vertebrae that form neck
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| thoracic vertebrae | [t1-t12] 2nd set of 12 vertebrae that form chest & rib cage.
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| lumbar vertebrae | [L1-L5] 3rd set of 5 vertebrae that form lower back.
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| sacral vertebrae | [5 fused vertebrae] slightly curved triangle bone at base of spine.
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| coccyx | tail bone.
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| Pelvic Girdle | supports legs.
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| Ilium | broad blade shaped bone that forms back of pelvis.
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| Ischium | forms lower posterior of pubic bone.
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| pubis | anterior if pubic bone. below bladder.
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| Sacroiliac [SI] joint | slightly movable articulation between the sacrum & Ilium.
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| Acetabulum | hip socket.
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| Femur | thigh bone. largest in body.
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| patella | knee cap.
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| tibia | shin. larger weight bearing bone on anterior of leg.
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| fubula | lateral lower small leg bone.
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| tarsals | ankle bones
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| talus | ankle bone that articulates with tibia & fibula.
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| calcaneus | heel bone.
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| metatarsals | arch of foot.
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| Phalanges | bones of toes.
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| chiropractor | specializes in the manipulation treatment of the spine.
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| orthopedic surgeon | specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders in bones, joints, & muscles.
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| osteopathic physician | specializes in health problems by spine manipulation.
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| podiatrist | diagnosis & treatment of foot.
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| ankylosis | the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure.
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| chondromalacia | abnormal softening of cartilage.
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| dislocation | total displacement of bone from joint.
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| subluxation | partial displacement of bone from joint.
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| arthritis | inflammation of one or more joints.
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| Osteoarthritis | wear & tear arthritis caused by aging.
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| Gouty Arthritis | deposit of uric acid in joints.
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| Rheumatoid arthritis | chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints & organs are attacked.
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| Herniated disk | slipped or ruptured disk. caused by pressure on nerve roots.
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| lumbago | lower back pain.
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| spina bifida | congenital defect, occurs in early pregnancy when the spinal canal doesn't close completely around spinal chord to protect it.
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| Kyphosis | hump back. abnormal increase in the outward cure of thoracic spine. [aging]
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| Lordosis | sway back. increased forward curve of lumbar spine.
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| scoliosis | abnormal lateral or sideways curve of spine.
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| fibrous dysplasia | bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure & replaces it with scar like tissue. leads to uneven bone growth, brittleness, & deformity of bones.
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| Ostalgia | pain in bone.
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| Osteitis | inflammation of bone.
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| osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone marrow & adjacent bone.
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| short stature | dwarfism.
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| talipes | club foot.
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| primary bone cancer | rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone.
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| Ewing's sarcoma | tumor that occurs in the bones up the upper arms, legs, pelvis, or ribs. age 10-20.
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| compression fracture | occurs when bones are pressed together on itself.
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| closed fracture | [simple] bone is broken but no open wound.
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| open fracture | [compound] bone is broken through the skin.
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| comminuted fracture | bone is splintered & or crushed.
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| greenstick fracture | incomplete. bone is bent & partially broken.
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| spiral fracture | bone has been twisted apart.
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| stress fracture | overuse injury. small crack develops from chronic excessive impact.
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| transverse fracture | fracture straight across bone.
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| radiograph | x-ray. use of x radiation to visualize bone fractures & other formalities.
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| Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] | used to image soft tissue. such as interior complex of joints.
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| dual x-ray absorptiometry | low exposure radiographic measurement of the spine & hips to measure body density.
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| Bone marrow transplant | used to treat certain types of cancer.
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| Allogenic bone marrow transplant | use of healthy bone marrow cells form compatible donor.
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| autologous bone marrow transplant | patient receives their own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated & stored.
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| Orthotic | mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace, splint designed to control, correct, and compensate for impaired bone.
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| prosthesis | substitute for a diseased or missing body part such as a leg that had been amputated.
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| arthrodesis | surgical ankylosis; surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen joints. performed to treat severe arthritis or damaged joint.
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| arthrolysis | surgical loosening of ankylosed joint.
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| chondroplasty | surgical repair of damaged cartilage.
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| arthroplasty | surgical repair of damaged joints. or surgical placement of artificial joint.
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| closed reduction treatment | manipulation; the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture.
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| open reduction treatment | surgical procedure to realign bone when closed reduction isn't partial.
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| external fixation | fracture treatment where pins are placed through soft tissue & bone so an external appliance can be used to hold pieces together. removed later on.
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| internal fixation | pins are placed in bone & are not removed.
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