RVT Review
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| left shift | immature neutrophils present in the blood (bands - unsegmented neutrophils). This is often seen in acute infections, when toxic granulation and 'Dohle Bodies' may also be seen or in hypoxia and shock.
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| hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy | excision of the uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries; the common spay procedure in dogs and cats
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| stages of erythrocyte maturation (1-3) | 1) rubriblast (proerythroblast)
2) prorubricyte (basophilic erythroblast)
3) rubricyte (polychromatophilic erythroblast)
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| stages of erythrocyte maturation (4-6) | 4) metarubricyte (orthochromatic/chromatophilic erythroblast)
5) reticuloycte
6) mature erythrocyte
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| stages of granuloycte maturation | 1) promyelocyte
2) myelocyte (in neutro, baso and eos)
3) metamyelocyte (in neutro and eos, baso - rare)
4) band neutrophil (no eos or baso)
5) granuloyctes
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| spirochete and ex of | gram-neg helically coiled bacteria.
Leptospira and Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme dis)
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| otodectes cynotis | common ear mite of dogs and cats
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| barbiturates (what is and ex) | CNS depressants - sedation to anesthesia
ex: pentobarb, thiopental, phenobarb
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| dry heat oven sterilization | 160-170 C (320-338 F) 2-4 hrs
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| steam sterilization autoclaving | reach temp of at least 121 C (250 F) at 15 psi (usually 30-40 mins)
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| all kitten teeth erupt by | 4-7 weeks
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| all puppy teeth erupt by | 6-8 weeks
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| # of teeth in canine (deciduous and adult) | 28 deciduous,
42 permanent
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| # of teeth in feline (deciduous and adult) | 26 deciduous,
30 cat
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| sternal recumbency | lying on stomach
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| dorsal recumbency | lying on back
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| Coombs Test | testing for antiglobulins, used in blood transfusion cross matching and dx of IMHA
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| orogastric | passing a stomach tube via the mouth, cats often need sedation, used in patients w/gastric dilation, possibility of animals biting tube
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| nasoesophageal | tube passed through nose to esophagus, measured from nares to distal esophagus
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| nasogastric | tube placed through nose to stomach, measured from nares to eighth rib, short term force feeding (like anorexic cats)
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| pharyngostomy | sx procedure involving placement of tube through incision in neck and tube extends to esophagus, measure from mandible to distal esophagus, not as well tolerated, can cause laryngeal irritation and obstruction and can induce emesis and become dislodged
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| esophagostomy | tube placed directly into esophagus for nutritional support, less likely to aspirate food, placed in midcervical esophagus on left side of neck
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| lipids | nutrient that serves as principal source of energy, provides palatability and texture, supplies essential fatty acids and acts as carrier for fat
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| archidonic | third essential fatty acid needed in cats (not dogs)
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| taurine deficiency | nutritional loss in cats that results in retinal degeneration, reproductive insufficiency and impaired immune function, also been linked to dilated cardiomyopathy
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| purple top tube | anticoag: EDTA, purpose: cbc, platelet
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| red top tube | no anticoag, purpose: chem
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| tiger top tube | separator gel, purpose: chem
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| green top tube | heparin, purpose: electrolytes, stats
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| turquoise top tube | citrate, purpose: coag assay
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| grey or yellow top tube | fluoride oxalate, purpose: glucose
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| miosis | constriction of the eye
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| mydriasis | dilation of the eye
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| canine pelvic girdle | ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular bones
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| anoxia | reduced supply of oxygen
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| anesthetic | without sensation
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| anascara | generalized edema with accumulation of serum in subcutaneous connective tissue
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| types of hernias | inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, diaphragmatic, lumbar, perineal, paraesophageal, sciatic
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| twitch | nerve stimulating device that may immobilize horses and proves useful in restraint, most often applied to upper lip of horse
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| near side | horse's left side, always dismount on this side
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| off side | horse's right side
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| red stain | gram negative
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| violet stain | gram positive
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| parabasal cells | smallest epithelial cell seen in vaginal smear, high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, appear during diestrus and anestrus and absent during estrus
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| intermediate cells | two to three times larger in diameter than parabasal, present during all cycles EXCEPT estrus
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| superficial cells | largest cells seen in vaginal smear, increase during proestrus and define estrus, have no or small/dark nucleus
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| Steam autoclaving settings | 250F (121C) at 15 psi for 15 mins
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| bacterin | a suspension of killed or weakened bacteria used as a vx (inactivated vx)
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| attenuated vx | modified live, takes a living organism and alters it to make harmless or reduce virulence
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| Strongylus vulgaris | Nematode (roundworm) parasite of the intestinal tract commonly infecting horses, adult worms cause damage but larvae cause more, often lead to colic. Aka blood worm.
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| EKG | measures electrical activity of the heart over time, indicates overall rhythm of the heart and weaknesses of some of the heart muscles (but not all). Does not indicate pumping ability of heart.
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| reticulocyte | immature non-nucleated erythrocyte which still retains basophilic material that stains with vital stain
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| crenation | contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution; rbcs appear prickly with irregular margins
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| polycythemia | a condition in which there is an increase in the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by rbcs, can be due to an increase of the mass of rbcs or decrease in plasma volume
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| HoweII-Jolly bodies | nuclear remnants found in erythrocytes, are round, dark violet granules about one micron in diameter, generally indicate absent or non-functioning spleen, occur in megalobastic anemia and in other forms of nuclear maturation defects.
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| Burr cells | crenated cells
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| Urine specific gravity increases as urine concentration... | increases
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| pleuritis | inflammation of the lining of the lung
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| Coggins test | tests for equine infectious anemia (EIA), immunidiffusion test used
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| Brucellosis | aka Bangs disease. Zoonotic, caused by ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals or contact with their secretions, gram negative rod
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| Canine dental formula | 2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3) = 42
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| Feline dental formula | 2 (I 2/2 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1) = 30
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| peritoneum | serous membrane that forms lining of abdominal cavity
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| cestode | tapeworm
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| trematode | fluke
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| nematode | roundworm
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| normal wbc range dog | 6-17
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| normal wbc range cat | 6-20
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| normal pcv dog | 37-55
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| normal pcv cat | 30-45
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| PMN aka | polymorphoneutrophil, segmented neutrophil (granuloycyte)
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| boar | uncastrated male pig
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| gilt | female pig that has not yet given birth
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| gelding | castrated male horse
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| ewe | female sheep that has given birth at least once
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| barrow | castrated male pig
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| ram | uncastrated male sheep
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| steer | castrated male cow
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| sow | a female cow that has given birth
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| heifer | female cow that hasn't given birth
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| buck | adult male deer or rabbit
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| pullet | a young chicken, especially one that hasn't begun to lay eggs
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| stallion | uncastrated male horse
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| vein | a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the heart
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| artery | a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body
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| anisocytosis | abnormal variation in the size of erythrocytes
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| roleaux | stacks of rbcs
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| poikilocytosis | abnormally shaped rbcs
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| metarubricyte | an immature nucleated erythrocyte, occurs before reticulocyte
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| reticulocyte | an immature non nucleated erythrocyte containing basophilic filaments at site of former nucleus
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| microsporum canis | dermatophyte that causes ringworm
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| Ex of Gram - bacteria | pasteurella multocida,
e coli,
brucella,
proteus,
salmonella,
pseudomonas
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| Ex of Gram + bacteria | staphylococcus,
clostridium,
bacillus
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| E coli (gram and shape) | gram neg rod
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| staph (gram and shape) | gram pos cocci
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| proteus (gram and causes) | gram neg bacteria, UTI
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| brucella (gram and shape) | gram neg coccobacilli
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| pasteurella multocida (gram and shape) | gram neg coccobacilli
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| Maconkey agar | only grows Gram neg bacteria
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| basophilic stippling most commonly seen in | lead poisoning
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| Types of crystals found in alkaline urine | triple phosphate, ammonium biurate, calcium carbonate
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| Calcium oxalate crystals | often a toxic effect of ethylene glycol poisoning, cannot be made to dissolve, source of bladder stones, strong hereditary component
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| asystole | flat line, electrical and mechanical activity has stopped, tx with atropine and/or epi
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| EMD | nonperfusing rhythms, electromechanical dissociation, pulseless electrical activity. tx naloxone, megadose atropine, epi
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| ventricular fibrillation | common arrhythmia in myocardial infarction. In dogs may be preceded by rapid ventricular tachycardia. Must be converted asap. Tx of choice is electrical defibrillation. Mg Cl another option.
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| ventricular tachycardia | rapid heartbeat that starts in ventricles, tx is cpr, electrical defib, lidocaine
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| av block | atrioventricular block, impairment of conduction between atria and ventricles in heart; strong vagal stimulation may produce it; muscarinic receptor affected
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| left mid thorax between 3rd and 4th intercostal space | pulmonary semilunar valve
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| major crossmatch | 4% suspension of donor rbcs suspended in donors serum with patients serum
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| minor crossmatch | donors serum against patients rbcs
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| canine maintenance replacement fluid therapy | 50-75 ml/kg/day
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