Cellular level of organization
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| what is the cell theory? | all living things are made up of cells
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| robert hooke | coined term cell by cork
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| Dujardin | cytoplasm
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| Robert brown | nucleus
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| what do robert brown, dujardin, and robert hooke have in common | they believed cells are the structual units and function units
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| virchow | cells came from pre-existing cells
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| schleden | plants - all living things are made up of cells
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| schwann | animals- all living things are made up of cells
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| cytology | study & function of cells
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| Cell biology | incorperates aspects of biology, chemistry, and physics
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| two most common methods used to study cells | electron microscopy and Light microscopy
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| two classes of cells | symatic & sex
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| what are the two fluids in symatic cells | extracellular fluid, and interstitual fluid
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| where do you find extracellular fluid | around the cell, watery medium
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| where do you find interstitual fulid | found in most tissues
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| what is in the cytoplasm | cytosol and organells
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| another name for the cell membrane | plasmalemma membrane
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| what is the cell membranes functions | physical isolation, regulates what goes in & out, sensitivity, and structure & support
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| what is the membrane structure like | thin & delicate, has lipids, protiens, and carbohydrates and has phosopholipids that are the largest part of the membrane
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| what makes the membrane lipid flexable | cholestrol
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| what is in the membrane lipid | phosopholipid bilayer, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
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| where is the hydrophilic head | on the surface
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| where is the hydrophobic tail | on the inside, repels water
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| Anchoring protein | attach to cell membranes to one another or to internal or external structures
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| Recognition proteins | Identify cell & prevent attack by immune system
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| Enzymes | catalyze interacellular or extracellular reactions
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| Recepter Protins | Binds to specific ligands in extracellular fluid
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| Carrier proteins | more solute across membrane; may or may not require atp
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| leak channel | permit continus passive movement of water & ions
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| Gated channels | can open or close to regulate ion movement
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| What are the three types of Memberane Carbohydrates | -Proteoglycan
-Glycoproteins
-Glycolipids
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| Membrane Permiablility | Passive or Active
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| Passive | no use of energy
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| Active | Use energy
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| 4 major categories of transport | 1-Diffusion
2-filtration
3-Carrier Mediated
4-Vesicullar
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| Diffusion | area of high con. to low con.
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| Things that can effect diffusion | -Distance
-Size of Gradient
-Molecular size
-tempature
-electrical forces
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| Osmosis | diffusion of water across cell membrane - Passive
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| Osmolarity | total solute conc. in an aqueous solution
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| Types of solutions | Isosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hyposotic
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| Isosmotic | equal concentration, salt=water, no change
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| Hyperosmotic | higher solute, salt > water, swells
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| hyposmotic | lower solute, salt < water, shrinks (crention)
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| Co transport | 2 substances in same direction at same time (sympoet)
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| Counter transport | 1 substance in & one out (antiport)
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| what are the two major types of carrier transport | facilitated diffusion and active transport
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| Facilited diffusion | mcl binds to receptor site
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| active transport | ion pumps, sodium potassim exchange pump (NA in K out)
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| Vescular transport | use of vessicles
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| bulk transport | 3 types, receptor meditated, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis
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| endosytosis | into cell
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| Pinocytosis | cell drinking (liquid)
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| Phagocytosis | Cell eating (solid)
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| Ecosytosis | discharge of materials out of a cell by vesicle binding to membrane
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| Transmembrane potential | potential difference across a membrane
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| Inside slightly - | move out +
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| outside slightly + | move in -
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| Resting potential | Transmembrane potential in an undisterbed cell, between -10mv and -100mv
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| contains high K ions, low Na ions | (ion pump) Cytosol
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| Cytosol things | suspended proteins, small amount of CHO's & large amounts of amino acids & lipids, Inclusion
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| Inclusion | wont disolve, no one knows what it does but if removed, cell will die
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| Two categories of organelles | Nonmembranous, membranous
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| what is the genetic code | method of info storage in dna strands of nuclus
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| Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil | RNA
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| Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine | DNA
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| Protein synthesis | Transcription and translation
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| transcription | occurs in nucleous, RNA from DNA
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| Translation | occurs in cytoplasm in Ribosome, proteins from mRNA On rough ER
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| Cytoskeleton | Ctructure to cell, Nonmembrane
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| Microvilli | increases surface area, non membrane
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| Centriloes | cell division, non membrane
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| Cilla | Movement, non membrane
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| Flagella | Movement, whip like, Non membrane
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| Ribosome | protein synthesis, non membrane
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| Mitochondria | membrane
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| endoplasmic reticulum | membrane
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| golgi apparatus | membrane
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| lysosomes | membrane
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| peroxisomes | membrane
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| nucleus | membrane
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| 2 parts of cell division | mitosis and meiosis
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| mitosis | 2 cells identical, 1 cell division
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| meiosis | production of sex cells, 4 cells, different, 2 cell division
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