Block 1 - Micro 19 - Viral Cases - 10/9/2009
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| What type of genome does Smallpox have? | Double stranded DNA
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| How long is the incubation period for Smallpox (variola major) | 7 to 17 days
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| What symptoms do people infected with Smallpox (variola major) typically present with? | high fever, malaise, vomiting, headache, backache, and severe abdominal pain. characteristic lesions appear and progress from macules -> papules -> pustules -> scabs over the course of 8 days
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| What is the incubation period for Human monkeypox? | 7 to 19 days
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| What differs between the small pox rash and the monkeypox rash? | The monkeypox rash is centrifugal and causes lympadenopathy (swollen/enlarged lymph nodes)
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| How long is the incubation period for Chickenpox? | 10 to 21 days
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| How is Chickenpox spread? | through coughs or sneezes of ill individuals, or through direct contact with secretions from the rash.
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| What virus causes chickenpox? | Varicella zoster virus
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| What can chickenpox manifest in people years after primary infection during periods of stress or immune compromise | shinges
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| How long is an individual with chickenpox contagious? | From 1-5 days prior to the appearance of the rash till the blisters have formed scabs (this may take 5-10 days).
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| How long can a person maintain the varicella-zoster virus | for their lifetime
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| Is Shingles contagious? | Yes, shingles is contagious. Shingles can be spread from an affected person to children or adults who have not had chickenpox
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| What are the common forms of transmission shared by both chickenpox and smallpox | direct contact and respiratory droplets
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| Who is at risk for diseases caused by varicella-zoster | Those who have not been infected by it, and are in a population of potential exposure (younger children) Also, those who have had chickenpox and are stressed or immune compromised, potentially resulting in Shingles (elderly)
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| Where are varicella-zoster and variola major viruses found | worldwide
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| Is there any seasonality to small pox or chicken pox? | no
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| How are chicken pox and small pox controled? | Live vaccine Immunization
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| When attempting to diagnosis a clinical case of either chicken pox or small pox when immunity is not established, what precautions should be taken? | Wear gloves, a gown, and a personal respirator
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| What is the most common sexually transmitted infection? | Genital human papillomavirus (HPV)
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| What are some of the symptoms of HPV? | genital warts to various forms of cancer (cervical cancer, and vulva, vagina, anus, and penis cancer)
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| What percent of the sexually active population will be infected with HPV? | 50%
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| What is the age range and frequency for performing a Papanicolaou (Pap) test in females? | From when they are sexually active till the age 65. Testing at least every 3 years.
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| In what percent of cases does the body's immune system clear the HPV infection two years out from the intial infection? | 90%
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| What organs and tissues do Papillomaviruses replicate in? | Epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes
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| How is the HPV virus acquired? | Fomite, direct contact, sexually, breaks in the skin
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| Is HPV gender specific? | No
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| What are the clinical manifestations of HPV? | Warts/outgrowth of cells in the effected region
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| How does a patient with HPV develop cancer because of the infection | Chronic progressive cellular changes from mild neoplasia to severe and carcinoma
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| How does HPV present in the male patient? | Genital warts, anal cancer, penile cancer
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| What is the population approved for the HPV vaccine? | girls/women ages 9-26
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| What are four common causes of infectious diarrheas? | Bacteria, Bacterial toxins, Parasites, Viruses
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| What viruses cause Diarrhea? | Coxsackieviruses A and B Echoviruses Rotavirus Calciviruses (Norwalk, Sapporo-like calcivirus) Adenovirus Astrovirus Coronavirus
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| What is the most common cause of Traveler's diarrhea | Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) is a type of Escherichia coli and the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in the developing world, as well as the most common cause of Traveler's diarrhea
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| What are the symptoms of the Norwalk virus | gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps and occasionally fever
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| How long do the symptoms of the Norwalk virus typically last? | 24-48 hours
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| What is the primary route of transmission for the Noroviruses? | person-to-person spread via the fecal-oral route or through contaminated food or water. It is the most common cause of food borne illness
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| How long is the incubation period for the calicivirus (including norovirus and sapovirus)? | typically 24-48 hours
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| When is the noroviruses typically contagious? | With, or just before, the onset of symptoms. Noroviruses are highly contagious
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| What cells in the body can become infected with Norwalk Virus | GI Epithelium
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| What are the characteristic symptoms of viral influenza (flu) | sudden onset of fever (>100 F) and malaise, followed by cough, headache, myalgia, and nasal and pulmonary symptoms (including sore throat, and/or rhinorrhea)
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| What is rhinorrhea? | commonly referred to as runny nose, consists of an unusually significant amount of nasal fluid
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| What is myalgia? | "muscle pain"
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| What is the best way to prevent the flu? | Receiving a flu vaccination each year
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| Approximately how many people die from flu-related causes each year? | 36,000
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| What complications can arise as a result of the flu? | bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections, dehydration, and worsening of chronic medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes.
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| When are individuals infected with the flu contagious? | 1 day prior to symptoms to 5 days after becoming sick
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| How is the the flue spread? | mainly person to person via coughing or respiratory droplets
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| What population should not receive the flu vaccine? | People who have a severe allergy to chicken eggs. People who developed Guillian-Barré syndrome (GBS) within 6 weeks of getting an influenza vaccine. Children less than 6 months of age People who have a moderate illness and a fever should wait
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| What is the common name of the H5N1 virus? | Avian Flu
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| How long should an individual infected with H1N1 (swine flue) stay in isolation? | 7 days after your symptoms begin or until you have been symptom-free for 24 hours, whichever is longer
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| What is dyspnea? | Shortness Of Breath (SOB)
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| What are the at risk populations for influenza A and B? | Elderly, immunocompromised, asthma, smokers, underlying cardiac or respiratory
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| Does seasonality impact the transmission of Influenza A and B? | Yes, Winters when people are more likely to be indoors and have their immune systems weakened due to the cold.
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| What laboratory tests are indicated to detect the presence of influenza in a patient? | CDC has developed a PCR diagnostic test kit to detect this novel H1N1 virus
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