Poola's 2nd exam review- infectious diease and epidemiology
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| • Infectious disease | “An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate
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| • Parasitic disease | An infection caused by a parasite, which “…is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.” Example: amebiasis
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| • Epidemiologic triangle | agent, host, environment
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| - agent | A factor—such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or form of radiation—whose presence, excessive presence, or (in deficiency diseases) relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease….”
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| - Host | A person or other living animal, including birds and arthropods, that affords subsistence or lodgment to an infectious agent under natural conditions
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| - Environment | The domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, survive, or originate
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| • infectious disease agents | bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions• vector: any animate living insect or animals that is involved with transmission of disease agent
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| • vector | any animate living insect or animals that is involved with transmission of disease agent
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| • Infectivity | The capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in a susceptible host and thus produce infection or disease
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| • Virulence | severity of the disease produced, i.e., whether the disease has severe clinical manifestations or is fatal in a large number of cases.
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| • Toxin | Some infectious disease agents, instead of acting directly, produce a toxin that causes illness. usually refers to a toxic substance made by living organisms. ( botulism)
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| • Immunity | refers to the host’s ability to resist infection by the agent ( may be active or passive)
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| • Antigen | A substance that stimulates antibody formation, e.g., a microbial agent
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| • Herd immunity | The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent
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| • Incubation period | Time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease•
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| Subclinical Infection= inapparent infection | An infection that does not show obvious clinical signs or symptomseg. hepatitis A infections among children
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| Generation Time | The time interval between lodgment of an infectious agent in a host and the maximal communicability of the host
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| Carrier | “A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent without discernible clinical disease, and which serves as a potential source of infection.”
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| Index Case | Used in an epidemiologic investigation of a disease outbreak to denote the first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities
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| The first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities is the | index case
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| Endemic | a infectious disease agent that is habitually present in an environment (either geographic or population group)Example: Plague is endemic among certain species of rodents in the western U.S
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| Reservoir | A place where infectious agents normally live and multiplyCan be human beings, animals, insects, soils, or plants
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| Zoonosis | An infection or infectious agent transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
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| portal of exit | site from which the agent leaves that person's body eg. respiratory passages, alimentary canal, genitourinary system, skin lesions
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| vehicle-borne infections | result from contact with vehicles- contaminated, nonmoving obejcts (fomites, unsanitary food, impure water)
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| portal of entry | site where the agent enters the body eg. skin wound
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| fomite | an inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents eg. classroom doorknob, discarded tissues
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| airborne infections | invove the spread of droplet nuclei (particles) that are present in the air eg. infections caused by stirring up dust that carries fungi or microbes
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| vector-borne infection | transmission of an infectious disease agent may happen when the vector feeds on a susceptible host
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| vector | an animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents
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| sexually transmitted diseases examples | HIV/AIDS, gonococcal infections, chlamydial genital infections
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| foodborne illness | biologic agents of foodborne illness include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and prions ( linked to mad cow disease)
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| bacterial agents | campylobacter, clostridium botulinum, salmonella
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| vector-borne disease examples | bacterial: lyme disease (tick)arthropod-borne (arboviral) disease: eastern equine encephalitis ( mosquito)parasitic disease: malaria (mosquito)
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| vaccine-Preventable diseases (VPDs) | conditions that can be prevented by vaccination ( immunization) eg. diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hep A and B
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| zoonotic disease | diseases transmitted from vertebrae animals to human beings eg. rabies, antrhax, avian influenza, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, toxoplasmosis, tularemia ( rabbit fever)
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| Emerging Infectious Diseases (Emerging Infections) | an infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range eg. hepatitis, E.coli O157:H7
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| Bioterrorism-Related Diseases | aka. bioterrorism attack, the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants eg.anthrax
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| epidemic curve | a graphing plotting of the distribution of cases by time of onset. may reflect a common-source epidemic or a point-source epidemic
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| methods of outbreak investigation | clinical observations, epidemic curve, incubation period, attack rate, case mapping, hypothesis formulation and confirmation, draw conclusion
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| Case mapping | Some investigations may use computer software to show the location of cases.
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| Hypotheses | Using the information that has been gathered, the epidemiologist may formulate a hypothesis regarding the causative agent.
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| Draw a conclusion | Plan for the prevention of future outbreaks.
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| surveillance | primary way to track diseases over time, allowing us to compare places, time periods, and assess presence of outbreaks; ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation of data regarding health-related event for use and to improve health
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| cancer research, health services access, environmental exposure, behavior, adverse events following receipt of drugs, vaccines etc | surveillance can be used in
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| characteristics of a good surveillance system | simplicity, flexibility, data quality, acceptability, sensitivity, predictive value positive, representativeness, timeliness, stability
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| biases encountered by surveillance system | reporting bias, interviewer bias, ascertainment bias, volunteer bias, other selection biases, social desirability bias, misclassification, due to issues with case definition
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