History Ch. 2
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| theme 0f geography that answers: Where is it? | location
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| theme 0f geography that answers:What is it like there? | place
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| theme 0f geography that answers:how do humans and environment affect eachother? | human/environment interaction
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| How far do lines of latitude extend north and south of the equator | 90 degrees
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| the east-west grid lines are lines of ______________ | latitude
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| lines of latitude measure distances _______ and _______ of the equator | latitude
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| the north-south lines are lines of __________ | longitude
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| how far do lines of longitude extend beyond the prime meridian | 180 degrees east and west
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| what two hemispheres does the equator divide the earth into | northern and southern
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| what two hemispheres does the prime meridian divide the earth into? | eastern and western
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| flat representation of the earth's surface | map
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| another word for mapmakers | cartographers
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| name the four ways maps can be distorted | area, shape, distance, and direction
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| what are the three families of map projections | flat-plane, conic, cylindrical
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| the period of time before written language | pre-history
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| the written record of past events and the individuals involved, in an attempt to understand where they came from, in order to know where they are going | history
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| history is a ______ science | social
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| theories need to be proven, and the historians use the _________ ________ like traditional scientsits except for what difference? | scientific method, they cant use experimentation
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| a period in human history marked by the introduction of agriculture and a shift from food gathering to food production | neolithic revolution
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| when did the neolithic revolution begin? | 10,000 B.C.
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| what human innovations made the neolithic revolution possible? | advances in tool making, practice of domestication
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| what were the differences in paleolithic and neolithic tool making? | paleolithic tools were knapped, neolithic tools used abrasive, grinding process
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| food surplus allowed for what? | specialization of labor
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| why did some neolithic settlements fail while others survived? | climate changes, disease, mono-crop agricultural system, geographic location, conquest.
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| What are the long-term consequences of the neolithic revolution? | overpopulation, erosion, flooding, deforestation, desertification, loss of crop diversity
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| what are the religious practices of this period? | animist, seditary life, dualism
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| what technological innovation led to a surplus of food? | irrigation systems
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| what was the goal of plant domestication? | to have a larger, better crop
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| nomads who kept herds of livestock on which they depended for most of their food | pastoralists
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| huge stones used for burial or religious purposes | megaliths
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| the period after the stone age, when people began to make things out of bronze | bronze age
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| how did people live prior to the development of agriculture (prior to neolithic period) | as nomads, surviving by hunting and gathering food
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| how did people first learn to farm? (three steps) | in areas where ild grains spread, some people began to gather them for food. as people gathered grain each year, they noticed that new plants grew where seeds fell, people experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm.
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| what were the benefits of domesticating animals | more stable supply of meat, skins, or wool; large animals could pull heavy loads and help with farming
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| excess | surplus
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| when certain people do a specific task or type of work | division of labor
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| an economic system in which economic decisions are made based on customs, beliefs, religion, and habits | traditional economy
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| a complex, organized society that has advanced cities, a government, religion, record keeping and writing, job specialiation, social calsses, and arts and agriculture | civilization
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| the spreading of culture from one society to another | cultural diffusion
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| what did irrigation allow people to do? | farm more land, plant more crops, support larget populations, farm in drier conditions, produce more food
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| early cities, rivers, civilizations? | tigris, euphrates, nile, indus, huang he, cities:anyang, mohenjo daro,urek, memphis
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| specilization of labor led to social order: what was the social order based on? | peoples occupation, wealth, and influence
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| why might a civilization go to war? | to gain control of rich farmland, improtant sea ports, or regions with valuable resources
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| what is material goods first brought by westerners | cargo
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| what are the three signs of a great civilization? | advanced technology, organized workforce, large population
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| why was gathering more effective than hunting? | took less time, intensive and produced more yield
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| what do humans control when they domesticate an animal? | movement, breeding, eating
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| how are domesticated animals and plants symbiotic? | animals eat leftover plants, their dung is used to fertilize crops
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| why did the fertile cresent loose its competitive advantage? | climate change and over farming
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| why does technology fail to develop in some areas of the world? | people are too concerned with meeting their basic needs
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