UCI SOM Smith
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| 3 types of cartilage | hylaline (most common), elastic, and fibrocartilage
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| hyaline cartilage | articular, cotal, upper respiratory passage, nose
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| elastic cartilage | phyngo-typanic tubes, ear, epiglottis, laryngeal
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| fibrocartilage | intermediate between connective tissue and cartilage; intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis, meniscus of knee, insertion of achiles tendon
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| composition of cartilage | cells [chondrogenic cells, chondroblasts, chondrocytes] and ground substance [GAGs and PGs; fibers (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage)]
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| bone composition | bone matrix and cells
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| bone matrix | osteoid (type I collagen, GAGs, and PGs) and hydroxyapatite
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| bone cells | osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
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| diaphysis | skinny middle part of long bone
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| epiphysis | end of long bone
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| metaphysis | jxn of diaphysis and epiphysis
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| articular cartilage | cover end of long bones
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| spongy bone | interconnected fibers in the end of long bones and in the compact bone space
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| compact bone | outer layer
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| periosteum | connective tissue sheet that surrounds the bone
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| outer/inner table | outer table-convex side of flat bone; inner table is concave part
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| osteon | cylinders of concentric lamellae that wrap around haversion canals
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| osteoblasts | found on free surface of bone; deposit and mineralize osteoids; deposit inorganic components
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| osteocytes | derived from osteoblasts, sit in lacuna surrounded by bone matrix, connects to osteocytes via cytoplasmic procces in canaliculi; maintain bone matrix
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| osteoclasts | large, motile, multinucleated cells; make contact with bone matrix via ruffled border; secrete enzymes that breakdown bone matrix resulting in howship’s lacuna
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| howship’s lacuna | depression in bone matrix made by osteoclast enzymes
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| osteoporosis | osteoblasts depend on estrogen; osteoclasts do not; build up bone mass at the beginning
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| osteomalacia | mal-formed bone (not enough Ca2+); =rickets- kids get bow legged; pregnant women can get this if they aren’t eating enough calcium
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| Osteosarcoma | comes from osteoblasts; poorly formed bones; fractures common
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| Intramembranous bone formation | flat bone formation; mesenchymal condensation
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| Endochondral bone formation | long and short bones; hyaline cartilage model
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| first 3 phases of endochondral bone formation | 1)chondroblasts, early perichondrium, primitive mesenchyme 2)developing cartilage model 3)developing bone collar
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| Bone growth | increase in diameter (subperiosteal appositional growth) and increase in length (extension at epiphyseal plates)
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| 5 zones of epiphyseal plate | 1)zone of reserve cartilage 2)zone of proliferation 3)zone of hypertrophy 4)zone of calcified matrix 5)zone of resorption
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| zone of proliferation | cartilage cells divide here; new cells secrete cartilage matrix thereby causing growth (length) of bone
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| zone of hypertrophy | cartilage cells enlarge; surrounding matrix is compressed
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| zone of calcified matrix | matrix is calcified; cells degenerate and connective tissue fills spaces
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| zone of resorption | calcified cartilage is eroded; bony spicules are in this region with osteoblasts and osteoclasts attached to the spicules
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| last 3 phases of endochondral bone formation | 4)primary (diaphysial) ossification center, periosteum, blood vessels 5)bony trabeculae, cortical bone 6)secondary (epiphysial) ossification center
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| 5 categories of bone disease | inflammatory, congenital anomalies, metabolic disease, injury,
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| fracture | intra-articular (in a joint) vs extra articular; comminuted (many breaks) vs. not, open vs. closed, displaced (bone has moved) vs. non-displaced
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| x-rays | always take two orthogonal views
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