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cartilage/bone
UCI SOM Smith
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 types of cartilage | hylaline (most common), elastic, and fibrocartilage |
| hyaline cartilage | articular, cotal, upper respiratory passage, nose |
| elastic cartilage | phyngo-typanic tubes, ear, epiglottis, laryngeal |
| fibrocartilage | intermediate between connective tissue and cartilage; intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis, meniscus of knee, insertion of achiles tendon |
| composition of cartilage | cells [chondrogenic cells, chondroblasts, chondrocytes] and ground substance [GAGs and PGs; fibers (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage)] |
| bone composition | bone matrix and cells |
| bone matrix | osteoid (type I collagen, GAGs, and PGs) and hydroxyapatite |
| bone cells | osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast |
| diaphysis | skinny middle part of long bone |
| epiphysis | end of long bone |
| metaphysis | jxn of diaphysis and epiphysis |
| articular cartilage | cover end of long bones |
| spongy bone | interconnected fibers in the end of long bones and in the compact bone space |
| compact bone | outer layer |
| periosteum | connective tissue sheet that surrounds the bone |
| outer/inner table | outer table-convex side of flat bone; inner table is concave part |
| osteon | cylinders of concentric lamellae that wrap around haversion canals |
| osteoblasts | found on free surface of bone; deposit and mineralize osteoids; deposit inorganic components |
| osteocytes | derived from osteoblasts, sit in lacuna surrounded by bone matrix, connects to osteocytes via cytoplasmic procces in canaliculi; maintain bone matrix |
| osteoclasts | large, motile, multinucleated cells; make contact with bone matrix via ruffled border; secrete enzymes that breakdown bone matrix resulting in howship’s lacuna |
| howship’s lacuna | depression in bone matrix made by osteoclast enzymes |
| osteoporosis | osteoblasts depend on estrogen; osteoclasts do not; build up bone mass at the beginning |
| osteomalacia | mal-formed bone (not enough Ca2+); =rickets- kids get bow legged; pregnant women can get this if they aren’t eating enough calcium |
| Osteosarcoma | comes from osteoblasts; poorly formed bones; fractures common |
| Intramembranous bone formation | flat bone formation; mesenchymal condensation |
| Endochondral bone formation | long and short bones; hyaline cartilage model |
| first 3 phases of endochondral bone formation | 1)chondroblasts, early perichondrium, primitive mesenchyme 2)developing cartilage model 3)developing bone collar |
| Bone growth | increase in diameter (subperiosteal appositional growth) and increase in length (extension at epiphyseal plates) |
| 5 zones of epiphyseal plate | 1)zone of reserve cartilage 2)zone of proliferation 3)zone of hypertrophy 4)zone of calcified matrix 5)zone of resorption |
| zone of proliferation | cartilage cells divide here; new cells secrete cartilage matrix thereby causing growth (length) of bone |
| zone of hypertrophy | cartilage cells enlarge; surrounding matrix is compressed |
| zone of calcified matrix | matrix is calcified; cells degenerate and connective tissue fills spaces |
| zone of resorption | calcified cartilage is eroded; bony spicules are in this region with osteoblasts and osteoclasts attached to the spicules |
| last 3 phases of endochondral bone formation | 4)primary (diaphysial) ossification center, periosteum, blood vessels 5)bony trabeculae, cortical bone 6)secondary (epiphysial) ossification center |
| 5 categories of bone disease | inflammatory, congenital anomalies, metabolic disease, injury, |
| fracture | intra-articular (in a joint) vs extra articular; comminuted (many breaks) vs. not, open vs. closed, displaced (bone has moved) vs. non-displaced |
| x-rays | always take two orthogonal views |
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