words/phrases Schools & Society
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| accountability | The process of requiring students to demonstrate understanding of the topics they study as measured by standardized tests, as well as holding educators at all levels responsible for students’ performance.
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| assessment | How student understanding is measured
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| curriculum | The knowledge and skills that teachers teach and students are supposed to learn.
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| extrinsic rewards | Rewards that come from outside oneself, such as job security and vacations.
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| intrinsic rewards | Rewards that come from within oneself and are personally satisfying for emotional or intellectual reasons.
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| merit pay | A supplement to a teacher’s base salary intended to reward superior performance or work in a highneed area.
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| professionalism | An occupation characterized by a specialized body of knowledge with emphasis on autonomy, decision making, reflection, and ethical standards for conduct.
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| reflection | The process of teachers’ thinking about and analyzing their work to assess its effectiveness.
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| reforms | Suggested changes in teaching and teacher preparation intended to increase the amount students learn.
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| standards | Statements specifying what students should know and what skills they should have upon completing an area of study.
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| decision-making | Problem solving in ill-defined situations, based on professional knowledge.
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| portfolio | A collection of representative work materials to document developing knowledge and skills.
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| ethics | Sets of moral standards for acceptable professional behavior.
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| technician | A person who uses specific skills to complete well-defined tasks.
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| professional portfolio | A professional's collection of representative work materials to document developing knowledge and skills.
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| normal schools | Two-year institutions developed in the early 1800s to prepare prospective elementary teachers.
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| academy | A secondary school that focused on the practical needs of colonial America as a growing nation.
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| assimilation | A process of socializing people so that they adopt dominant social norms and patterns of behavior.
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| character education | A curriculum approach to developing student morality suggesting that moral values and positive character traits, such as honesty and citizenship, should be emphasized, taught, and rewarded.
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| common school movement | A historical attempt to make education available to all children in the United States.
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| compensatory education programs | Government attempts to create more equal educational opportunities for disadvantaged youth.
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| comprehensive high school | A secondary school that attempts to meet the needs of all students by housing them together and providing curricular options (e.g., vocational or college-preparatory programs) geared toward a variety of student ability levels and interests.
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| English classical school | A free secondary school designed to meet the needs of boys not planning to attend college.
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| Head Start | A federal compensatory education program designed to help 3- to 5-year-old disadvantaged children enter school ready to learn.
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| Junior High Schools | Schools that were originally designed in the early 1900s to provide a unique academic curriculum for early adolescent youth.
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| Latin Grammar Schools | A college-preparatory school originally designed to help boys prepare for the ministry or, later, for a career in law.
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| magnet schools | Public schools that provide innovative or specialized programs that attempt to attract students from all parts of a district.
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| middle schools | Schools, typically for grades 6–8, specifically designed to help students through the rapid social, emotional, and intellectual changes characteristic of early adolescence.
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| Old Deluder Satan Act | Early colonial law designed to create scripture-literate citizens who would thwart Satan’s trickery.
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| progressivism | An educational philosophy emphasizing curricula that focus on real-world problem solving and individual development.
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| separate but equal | A policy of segregating minorities in education, transportation, housing, and other areas of public life if opportunities and facilities were considered equal to those of nonminorities-evidenced by separate schools with different curricula and resources.
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| Title 1 | A federal compensatory education program that funds supplemental education services for low-income students in elementary and secondary schools.
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| Vouchers | A check or written document that parents can use to purchase educational services.
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| War on Poverty | A general term for federal programs designed to eradicate poverty during the 1960s.
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