Med Term Respiratory
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| carbon dioxide (CO2) | tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during the metabolic process
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| cartilage | tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
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| cilia | any hairlike structure
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| breathing | ventilation
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| diffuse | moving or spreading out of a substance at a random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
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| homeostasis | state in which the regulatory mecanisms of the body maintain a constant internal environment
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| mucous membrane | moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa
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| oxygen (O2) | tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
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| pH | symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
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| septum | Wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils
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| serous membrane | thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa
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| olfactory neurons | receptors for sense of smell
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| pharynx | throat
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| nosapharynx | posterior to nose
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| oropharynx | posterior to mouth
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| laryngopharynx | superior to larynx
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| adenoids | pharyngeal tonsils
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| palatine tonsils | tonsils
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| larynx | voice box
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| epiglottis | leaf-shaped structure on top of larynx
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| trachea | windpipe
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| bronchi | 2 branches that trachea divides into
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| bronchioles | smaller branches of bronchus
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| alveoli | tiny air sacs at end of bronchioles
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| mediastinum | space between right and left lungs
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| pleura | serous membrane covering lobes of lungs
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| visceral pleura | membrane lying closest to the lung
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| parietal pleura | membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
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| pleural cavity | space bteween visceral and parietal pleura
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| diaphragm | large muscular partition lying between chest and abdominal cavities
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| inspiration | drawing air into lungs
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| expiration | air leaving the lungs
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| pulmonary ventilation | more commonly called breathing, involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs
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| external respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
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| transport of respiratory gases | occurs when blood transports CO2 to the lungs and O2 to body cells
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| internal respiration | exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and blood in systemic capillaries
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| nas/o | nose
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| rhin/o | nose
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| sept/o | septum
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| sinus/o | sinus, cavity
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| adenoid/o | adenoids
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| tonsill/o | tonsils
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| pharyng/o | pharynx
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| epiglott/o | epiglottis
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| laryng/o | larynx
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| trache/o | trachea
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| bronchi/o | bronchus
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| bronch/o | bronchus
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| alveol/o | alveolus; air sac
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| pleur/o | pleura
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| pneum/o | air; lung
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| pneumon/o | air; lung
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| pulmon/o | lung
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| anthrac/o | coal, coal dust
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| atel/o | incomplete; imperfect
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| coni/o | dust
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| cyan/o | blue
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| lob/o | lobe
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| orth/o | straight
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| ox/i | oxygen
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| ox/o | oxygen
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| pector/o | chest
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| steth/o | chest
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| thorac/o | chest
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| phren/o | diaphragm
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| spir/o | breathe
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| -capnia | carbon dioxide (CO2)
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| -osmia | smell
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| -phonia | voice
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| -pnea | breathing
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| -ptysis | spitting
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| -thorax | chest
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| brady- | slow
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| dys- | bad; painful; difficult
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| eu- | good, normal
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| tachy- | rapid
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| pulmonology | medical specialty concerned with disorders of respiratory system
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| pulmonologist | physician who treats disorders of respiratory system
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| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages
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| dyspnea | difficult to breath
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| bronchospasms | spasms in bronchial passages
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| paroxysmal | sudden and violent
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| productive cough | coughing producing large amounts of mucus
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| mucolytics | agents that loosen and break down mucus
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| bronchodilators | medications that expand bronchi
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| status asthamticus | when usual measures do not reverse bronchospasms
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| chronic bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution
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| expectorants | medications that aid in the removal of mucus
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| emphysema | characterized by decreased elasticity of alveoli
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| dilate | expand
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| orthopnea | standing erect
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| influenza (flu) | acute infectious respiratory viral disease
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| pandemics | world wide epidemics
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| virulent | high infectious
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| myalgia | generalized muscle pain
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| auscultation | listening of sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope
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| percussion | gentle tapping of the chest with fingers and listening to the resultant sounds
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| transudate | noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein
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| exudate | usually high in protein and often contains blood and immune cells
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| hydrothorax | serum
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| empyema | pus
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| pyothorax | pus
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| hemothorax | blood
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| pneumothorax | air entering pleural space
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| thoracocentesis | surgical puncture of chest using a hollow-bore needle
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| throacentesis | surgical puncture of chest using a hollow-bore needle
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| Tuberculosis (TB) | communicable disease caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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| droplet nuclei | droplets of respiratory secretions
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| viable | alive
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| primary tuberculosis | first time TB organism enters body
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| granulomas | inflammatory nodules, also called tubercles
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| immunocompromised | immune system becomes impaired
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| combination therapy | using several antibiotics at the same time
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| pneumonia | any inflammatory disease of lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
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| aspiration pneumonias | pneumonia caused by food or liquid inhalation
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| lobar pneumonia | penumonia affecting only a lobe of the lung
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| bronchopneumonia | more diffuse pneumonia
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| hemoptysis | spitting of blood
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| consolidation | engorged
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| Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) | type of pneumonia closely associated with AIDS
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| normal flora | resides in or on most people
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| opportunistic | infectious
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| lavage | washings
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| cystic fibrosis | hereditary disorder of exocrine glands that causes body to secrete viscous mucus
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| viscous | thick
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| aerosols | mists
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| sweat test | measures amount of salt excreted in sweat; usted to test for cystic fibrosis
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| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | condition in which lungs no longer function effectively
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| systemic infections | infections that affect entire body
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| sepsis | infections that affect blood
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| edema | fluid filled
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| Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) | form of respiratory distress syndrome, also called infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
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| surfactant | phospholipid substance that helps kep alveoli open
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| cyanosis | blueness
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| nares | nostrils
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| tachypnea | rapid breathing
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| hyaline membrane | membrane with ground-glass appearance
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| primary pulmonary cancer | most common form of lung cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma
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| metastasizes | spreads
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| acidosis | excessive acidity of body fluids
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| anosmia | absence of the sense of smell
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| apnea | temporary loss of breathing
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| 3 types of apnea | obstructive (enlarged tonsils and adenoids), central (failure of brain to transmit impulses for breathing), and mixed (combination of obstructive and central apnea)
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| sleep apnea | sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation
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| asphyxia | condition caused by insufficent intake of oxygen
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| atelectasis | collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung
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| cheyne-Stokes respiration | repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all
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| compliance | ease with which lung tissue can be stretched
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| coryza | head cold; upper respiratory infection (URI)
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| crackle | abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale
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| croup | common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and, sometimes, lungs
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| deviated nasal septum | displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils
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| epilgottitis | severe, life-threatening infection of epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in hcildren between 2 and 12 years of age
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| epistaxis | nosebleed; nasal hemorrhage
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| finger clubbing | enlargement of terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease
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| hypoxemia | deficiency of oxygen in blood
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| hypoxia | deficency of oxygen in tissues
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| pertussis | acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called whopping cough
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| pleurisy | inflmmation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis
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| pneumoconiosis | disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (chalicosis), iron dust (siderosis), and asbestos particles (asbestosis)
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| pulmonary edema | accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure
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| pulmonary embolus | blackage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria)
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| rhonchus | abnormal breath sound heard on ausculatation
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| stridor | high-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound casued by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
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| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age; also called crib death
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| wheeze | whistling or sighing sound heard on ausculation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
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| Mantoux test | intrademeral test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen
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| oximetry | noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry
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| polysomnography | test of sleep cycles and stages using coninuous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement (electyro-oculogram), respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm
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| plumonary function tests (PFTs) | multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exhcange across the alveolocapillary membrane
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| spirometry | measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air
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| bronchoscopy | visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor
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| laryngoscopy | visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities
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| mediastinoscopy | visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
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| arterial blood gas (ABG) | test that measures partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), carbon dioxide (Pco2), pH (acidity or alkalinity), and bicarbonate level of an arterial blood sample
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| sputum culture | microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias
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| sweat test | measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat
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| throat culture | test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptoccoci
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| radiography | process of producing images using an x-ray passed through the body or area and captures on a film
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| thoracic (chest) radiography | images of the chest taken from anteroposterior projection, posteroanterior projection, lateral projection, or a combination of these projections
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| scan | imaging procedure that gathers information about a specific organ or structure of the body, in some cases, small amounts of injected radionuclide are used to enhance images
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| lung scan | nuclear scanning test primarily used to detect pulmonary emboli
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| aerosol therapy | lung treament using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways. tehcniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs).
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| lavage | irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid
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| antral lavage | irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitis
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| postural drainage | positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs
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| pleurectomy | excision of part of the pleura, usually parietal
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| pneumectomy | excision of a lung
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| rhinoplasty | reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes
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| septoplasty | surgical repair of a deviated septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures
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| throacentesis | surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis
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| tracheostomy | surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted
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| antihistamines | block histamines from binding with histamine recepter sites in tissues
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| antitussives | relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain
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| bronchodilators | stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, therby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow
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| bronchodilators | stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, therby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow
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| corticoseteroids | act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions
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| decongestants | constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways
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| expectorants | liquify respiratory secretions to that they are more easily dislodged udring coughing episodes
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| ABG | arterial blood gas(es)
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| AP | anteroposterior
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| ARDS | acute respiratory distress syndrome
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| CO2 | carbon dioxide
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| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure
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| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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| CT | computed tomography
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| DPT | diptheria, pertussis, tetanus
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| EEG | electroencephalogram, electroencephalography
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| Hb, Hgb | hemoglobin
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| Hx | history
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| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
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| O2 | oxygen
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| PFT | pulmonary function test
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| pH | symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity
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| PND | paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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| RDS | respiratory distress syndrome
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| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome
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| SOB | shortness of breath
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| T&A | tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
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| TB | tuberculosis
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| TPR | temperature, pulse, and respiration
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| URI | upper respiratory infection
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| VC | vital capacity
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