Clin. Neuro Class 1
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| Name the parts of the brain. | 1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. brainstem
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| Cerebellum-a.k.a. = | telencephalon
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| What makes up the CNS? | 1. Brian 2. Spinal Cord
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| Name the parts of the cerebrum. | 1. Cortex 2. Diencephalon
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| What is the composition of white matter? | 1. mostly axons
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| The axons have two types of tracts? | 1. Descending 2. Ascending
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| What are the names for the descending tracts? (white matter) | 1. column 2. fasciculus 2. funiculus 3. lemniscus 3. peduncle 4. tract
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| What is the location of white matter in the spinal cord? cerebrum? | Spinal cord- periphery Cerebrum- deep
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| What is the composition of grey matter? | cell bodies and dendrites
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| What are clusters of cell bodies called in the CNS? PNS? | CNS- nuclei PNS- ganglia
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| What type of neurons are found in the grey matter? | 1. projecting (long) 2. interneurons
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| What is the location of grey matter in the Spinal cord and brainstem? cortex and cerebellum? | SC and Br. Stem- deep Cortex and cerebellum- surface
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| Most sensory pathway ________ at some level of the nervous system. | cross
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| Most motor pathways cross as they ________. | descend
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| Most deficits manifest themselves __________ to the lesion. | contralateral
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| What is the exception for contralateral manifestation of a lesion? | cerebellum
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| Rostral= | toward the nose
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| Caudal= | toward the tail
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| The telencephalon is at a _______ degree angle to the spinal cord and brainstem. | 100
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| Name the two cell types found in the nervous system. | 1. Neurons 2. Glia
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| Number of neurons? glia? | Neurons= 20 billion Glia= 39 billion
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| Name of neurons classified by shape. | 1. Multipolar 2. Pseudounipolar 3. Bipolar
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| Bipolar neurons are special to? | Sense organs, eg.) olfactory, vision, and hearing
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| Names of neurons classified by connection. | 1. sensory 2. motor 3. interneurons
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| Define sensory neuron. | receives information from a receptor
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| Define motor neuron. | sends information to muscles or glands
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| What neurons make up the majority? | interneurons (99%)
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| Neuroglia is ________ _________ | nerve glue
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| T/F There is a lot of connective tissue in the CNS. | F
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| Glia help to maintain ________ _______ and _________ in the CNS | 1. electrolyte balance 2. homeostasis
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| Name the three types of glia. | 1. Macroglia 2. Microglia 3. Schwann Cells
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| Name the two types of Macroglia. | 1. astocytes 2. oligodendrocytes
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| Astrocytes have _________. | neurotransmitters
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| What is the main function of oligodendrocytes. | Myelinate neurons of the CNS
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| Astrocytes have __________ end feet. | perivascular
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| Astocytes may be involved in the ________ of _________. | transport of nutrients
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| Beneath the pia astrocytes form what? a barrier between what? | 1. glial membrane 2. cerebral spinal fluid and the brain
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| After injury astrocytes form what? | a glial scar
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| What are the two types of astrocytes? | 1. fibrous (white matter) 2. protoplasmic (grey matter)
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| Glioblastoma= | fast growing astrocytic tumor
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| Astrocytoma= | Slow growing astrocytic tumor
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| Most intracranial tumors are ________. | gliomas
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| The cell bodies of oligodendrocytes are _______ and have _______ cytoplasm. | dense; little
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| What produces myelin sheaths for the CNS? | oligodendrocytes
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| One oligodendrocyte gives off processes to myelinate segments of up to _________ different axons. | 15
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| What are smaller than macroglia? | microglia
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| Name glia that are normally inactive. | microglia
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| What happen to microglia after injury? | activated
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| Microglia change into __________ after injury and what is their function? | macrophage, phagocytize
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| What is the glial cell for the PNS? | Schwann
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| What is the function of the Schwann cell? | 1. myelinate on segment of an axon 2. support smaller, unmyelinated axons
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| What is the difference between the PNS and CNS | 1. PNS myelinated by Schwann cells 2. CNS- myelinated by Oligodendrocytes
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| What is the difference in re-growth of the CNS and PNS? | 1. CNS- regrowth unlikely 2. PNS- Schwann cells have regrowth factor
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| When do Schwann cells begin to myelinate rootlets? | immediately outside the spinal cord
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| Peripheral nerves are made of axons of _______, ________, and _______ neurons. | 1. sensory 2. postganglionic sympathetic 3. motor
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| T/F All Cranial nerves are part of the CNS. | F
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| What CN is an extension of the CNS? Why? | 1. Optic nerve 2. myelinated by oligodendrocytes
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| What CN contains parsympathetic autonomic fibers? | III, VII, IX, X
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| Proteins are synthesized for _______ or _______ use. | intrinsic or extrinsic
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| What determines which protein will be syntehsized? | DNA
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| What proteins are specific to certain cells? | 1. neurotransmitters 2. receptors
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| What proteins are common to all cells? | proteins involved in membranes, cytoskeletons, etc.
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| Describe the synthesis of proteins for export. | 1. RER via RNA tranlation 2. packeage in golgi in vesicles 3. transported to membrane
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| Describe the synthesis of proteins for intrinsic use. | synthesized on free ribosomes
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| Intrinsic proteins= | cytoskeleton, ion channels, receptors, second messenger systems, proteins that support the dendrites and spines
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| What is the function of the cytoskeleton? | 1. support the neuron 2. hold receptors in place 3. transport substances
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| Name three types of filaments found in the cytoskeleton and their funciton. | 1. microtubules- transport 2. microfilaments- support body 3. neurofilaments- support axon
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| Transport in the cytoskeleton happens in what directions? | anterogradely and retorgradely
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| What can affect the transport mechanisms in a negative way? | neuropathies
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