Cranial Nerves and reflexes
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| Cranial nerve I and function | Olfactory, Sensory, sense of smell
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| Anosmia | Sense of smell is lost
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| Parosmia | Distorted sense of smell
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| Cranial nerve II and function | Optic, sensory, visual acuity - snellen eye chart, peripheral vision, light reflex, consensual reflex, accommodation reflex
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| Light reflex | CN II and III
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| Consensual Reflex | CN III
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| Accommodation reflex | CN II and III
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| Cranial Nerve III and function | oculomotor, motor
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| Cranial Nerve IV and function | Trochlear, motor
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| Cranial Nerve VI and function | Abducens, Motor
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| Cranial Nerve V and function | Trigeminal, Motor and Sensory. Motor: jaw jerk reflex, Sensory: corneal reflex, touch forehead
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| Cranial Nerve VII and function | Facial, Motor and Sensory, facial expressions and taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue (sweet, sour, salty)
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| Cranial Nerve VIII and function | Vestibulo-Cochlear, Sensory Balance & Sensory Hearing
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| Cranial Nerve IX and function | Glossopharyngeal, Sensory, Motor, Taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue (bitter)
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| Cranial Nerve X and function | Vagus, Sensory, Motor, Gag reflex, muscles for larynx, carotid reflex (IX and X)
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| Cranial Nerve XI and function | Spinal Accessory, Motor, Test scm and trapezius
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| Cranial Nerve XII and funtion | Hypoglossal, Motor, Tests muscles of the tongue. Tested by asking the patient to stick out their tongue. Look for atrophy, deviation, and fasciculations
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| Jaw jerk reflex tests which nerve or root? | CN V Trigeminal
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| Biceps reflex tests which nerve or root? | C-5 level musculocutaneous nerve
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| Brachioradialis reflex tests which nerve or root? | C-6 Level Radial nerve
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| Triceps reflex tests which nerve or root? | C-7 Level Radial nerve
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| Pectoralis reflex tests which nerve or root? | C-5 through T1 anterior throacic nerve
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| Patellar reflex tests which nerve or root? | L2 through L4 Femoral Nerve
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| Posterior Tibial reflex tests which nerve or root? | L5
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| Medial Hamstring reflex tests which nerve or root? | L5
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| Achilles reflex tests which nerve or root? | S-1 Level Tibial Nerve
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| Wexler Scale 0 | absent even with reinforment
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| Wexler Scale 1 | hypoactive or normal response with reinforcement
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| Wexler Scale 2 | Normal
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| Wexler Scale 3 | hyperactive
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| Wexler Scale 4 | hyperactive with transient clonus
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| Wexler Scale 5 | hyperactive with sustained clonus
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| Westphal's sign | absense of any DTR, especially patellar; LMNL
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| Jendrassik's maneuver | brings out reflex by cortical distraction
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| Corneal reflex afferent nerve or root | CN V
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| Corneal reflex efferent nerve or root | CN VII
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| Pharyngeal Reflex afferent nerve or root | CN IX
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| Pharyngeal Refex efferent nerve or root | CN X
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| Abdominal reflex nerve or root | Upper T7 to T9, Lower T10 to T12
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| Cremasteric reflex afferent nerve or root | femoral N.
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| Cremasteric reflex efferent nerve or root | Genitofemoral nerve, L1, L2
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| Geigel's reflex nerve or root | same as cremasteric
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| Plantar reflex nerve or root | Tibial N. L4 to S2
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| Ciliospinal Reflex nerve or root | Cervical Sympathetics
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| Oculocardiac Reflex afferent nerve or root | CN V
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| Oculocardiac Reflex efferent nerve or root | CN X
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| Carotid Sinus Reflex afferent Nerve or root | CN IX
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| Carotid Sinus Reflex efferent Nerve or root | CN X
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| Stroke up on lateral aspect of foot across ball of foot to great toe | Babinski -dorsiflexion of great toe withsplaying of other toes
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| Stroke lateral malleolus to small toe | Chaddock - babinski response
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| Stroke down tibial crest to ankle | Oppenheim - babinski response
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| Squeeze the calf | Gordon's calf- babinski response
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| Squeeze the achilles tendon | Schaefer - babinski response
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| Tap the ball of the foot | Rossolimo - plantar flexion of great toe with curling of other toes
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| Examiner presses the 4th toe downward and releases it with a snap | Gonda - Dorsiflexion of the big toe
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| Examiner extends middle phalanx of patient and flicks distal phalanx down | Hoffman - Flexion and adduction of the thumb and flexion of the fingers
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| Examiner sharply taps tips of the middle three fingers | Tromner - Flexion of all the fingers including the thumb
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| Examiner strokes the pisiform of the patient | Gordon's finger -flexion of wrist and fingers or thumb and index finger
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| Exminer strokes the distal ulnar side of the forearm nera the wrist | Chaddock's wrist - flexion of wrist and extension and fanning of the fingers
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| Patient's hands placed together, palms up. Doctor hands jar patient's hands from below up. | Babinski pronation - affected hand falls in pronation. Good hand remains horizontal
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| Examiner taps bewtween eyebrows with index finger | Glabella - Tonic spasm of orbicularis muscle with closing of the eyes
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| Sharp tapping of the nose or middle of the upper lip | Snout - exaggerated reflex contraction of the lips
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| UMNL | Lesion of the brain and spinal cord not including the anterior horn cell
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| Lesion of the anterior horn cell out to the myoneural junction | LMNL
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| UMNL paralysis | spastic
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| UMNL DTR | hyperactive
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| UMNL Pathological reflexes | Present
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| UMNL Clonus | Present
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| UMNL Tone | Hypertonic
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| UMNL Reaction of Degeneration | Absent
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| UMNL Atrophy | Absent
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| UMNL Fasciculation | Absent
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| UMNL Superficial Reflexes | Absent
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| LMNL Paralysis | Flaccid
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| LMNL DTR | Hypoactive/absent
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| LMNL Pathological Reflexes | Absent
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| LMNL Clonus | Absent
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| LMNL Tone | Hypotonic
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| LMNL Reaction of Degeneration | Present
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| LMNL Atrophy | Present
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| LMNL Fasciculation | Present
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| LMNL Superficial Reflexes | Absent
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