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Classic findings for USMLE review

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Disease/Finding
Association
Actinic keratosis   Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma  
🗑
Addison's Disease   Primary adrenocortical deficiency  
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Albright's syndrome   Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls  
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Albuminocytologic dissociation   Guillain-Barré (↑ protein in CSF with only modest ↑ in cell count)  
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Alport's syndrome   Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness  
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Anti-basement membrane   Goodpasture's syndrome  
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Anticentromere antibodies   Scleroderma (CREST)  
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Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies)   SLE (type 3 hypersensitivity)  
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Anti-epithelial cell   Pemphigus vulgaris  
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Antigliadin antibodies   Celiac disease  
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Antihistone antibodies   Drug induced SLE  
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Anti-IgG antibodies   Rheumatoid arthritis  
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Antimitochondrial antibodies   1° biliary cirrhosis  
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Antineutrophil antibodies   Vasculitis  
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Antiplatelet antibodies   Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura  
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Arachnodactyly   Marfan's syndrome  
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Argyll Robertson pupil   Neurosyphilis  
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Arnold-Chiari malformation   Cerebellar tonsil herniation  
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Aschoff bodies   Rheumatic fever  
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Atrophy of the mammillary bodies   Wernicke's encephalopathy  
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Auer rodes   Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the promyelocytic type)  
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Autosplenectomy   Sickle cell anemia  
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Babinski's sign   UMN lesion  
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Baker's cyst in popliteal fossa   Rheumatoid arthritis  
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"Bamboo spine" on x-ray   Ankylosing spondylitis  
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Bartter's syndrome   Hyperreninemia  
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Basophilic stippling of RBCs   Lead poisoning  
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Becker's muscular dystrophy   Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's  
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Bell's palsy   LMN CN VII plasy  
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Bence Jones proteins   Mulitple myeloma (kappa or lambda kight chains in urine), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM)  
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Berger's disease   IgA nephropathy  
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Bernard-Soulier disease   Defect in platelet adhesion  
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Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis   Sarcoidosis  
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Birbeck granules on EM   Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)  
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Bloody tap on LP   subarachnoid hemorrhage  
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"Blue bloater"   Chronic bronchitis  
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Blue-domed cysts   Fibrocystic change of the breast  
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Blue sclera   Osteogenesis imperfecta  
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Boot-shaped heart on x-ray   Tetrology of Fallot; RVH  
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Bouchard's nodes   Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling secondary to osteophytes)  
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Boutonniere's deformity   Rheumatoid arthritis  
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Branching rods in oral infection   Actinomyces israelii  
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"Brown tumor" of bone   Hemorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts: 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease)  
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Brushfield's spots   Down syndrome  
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Bruton's disease   X-linked agammaglobulinemia  
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Budd-Chiari syndrome   Posthepatic venous thrombosis  
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Buerger's disease   Small/medium-artery vasculitis  
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Burkitt's lymphoma   8:14 translocation; associated with EBV  
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Burton's lines   Lead poisoning  
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C-ANCA, P-ANCA   Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa  
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Café-au-lait spots   Neurofibromatosis  
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Caisson disease   Gas emboli  
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Calf pseudohypertrophy   Duchenne's muscular dystrophy  
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Call-Exner bodies   Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary  
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Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy   Chagas' disease  
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Cerebriform nuclei   Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)  
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Chagas' disease   Trypanosome infection  
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Chancre   1° syphilis (not painful)  
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Chancroid   Haemophilus ducreyi (painful)  
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Charcot's triad   Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech); cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ pain, fever)  
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Charcot-Leyden crystals   Bronchial asthma (eosinophil membranes)  
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Chédiak-Higashi disease   Phagocyte deficiency  
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Cherry-red spot on macula   Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick disease, central retinal artery occlusion  
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations   Central apnea in CHF and increased cranial pressure  
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"Chocolate cysts"   Endometriosis (frequntly involves both ovaries)  
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Chronic atrophic gastritis   Predisposition to gastric carcinoma  
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Chvostek's sign   Hypocalcemia (fascial muscle spasm upon tapping)  
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Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina   DES exposure in utero  
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Clue cells   Gardnerella vaginitis  
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Codman's triangle on x-ray   Osteosarcoma  
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Cold agglutinins   Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis  
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Cold intolerance   Hypothyroidism  
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Condylomata lata   Secondary syphilis  
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Continuous machinery murmur   Patent ductus arteriosus  
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Cori's disease   Debranching enzyme deficiency  
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Cotton-wool spots   Chronic hypertension  
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Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza + fever   Measles  
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Councilman bodies   Toxic or viral hepatitis  
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Cowdry type A bodies   Herpesvirus  
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Crescents in Bowman's capsule   Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis  
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Crigler-Najjar syndrome   Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia  
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Curling's ulcer   Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns  
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Current-jelly sputum   Klebsiella  
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Curschmann's spirals   Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs)  
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Cushing's ulcer   Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury  
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D-dimers   DIC  
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Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra   Parkinson's diease (basal ganglia disorder - rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)  
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Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea   Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency)  
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Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos + lesions of skull   Hand-Schuller-Christian diease  
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Dog or cat bite   Pasteurella multocida  
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Donovan bodies   Granuloma inguinate  
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Dressler's syndrome   Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis  
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Dubin-Johnson syndrome   Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)  
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Duchenne's muscular dystrophy   Deleted dystrophin gene (X-linked recessive)  
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Eburnation   Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bones)  
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Edward's syndrome   Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease  
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Eisenmenger's complex   Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L --> R shunt becomes R --> L shunt)  
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Elastic skin   Ehlers-Danlos syndrome  
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Erb-Duchenne palsy   Superior trunk brachial plexus injury ("waiter's tip")  
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Erythema chronicum migrans   Lyme disease  
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Fanconi's syndrome   Proximal tubule reasbsorption defect  
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"Fat, female, forty, and fertile"   Acute cholecystitis  
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Fatty liver   Alcoholism  
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Ferruginous bodies   Asbestosis  
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Gardner's syndrome   Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors  
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Gaucher's disease   Glucocerebrosidase deficiency  
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Ghon focus   1° TB  
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Gilbert's syndrome   Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia  
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Glanzmann's thrombasthenia   Defect in platelet aggregation  
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Goodpasture's syndrome   Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins  
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Gowers' maneuver   Duchenne's (use of pt arms to help legs pick self up off floor)  
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Guillain-Barré syndrome   Idiopathic polyneuritis  
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"Hair-on-end" appearance on x-ray   β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)  
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Hand-Schuller-Christian disease   Chronic progressive histiocytosis  
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HbS   Sickle cell anemia  
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hCG elevated   Choriocarcinoma, hydatiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)  
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Heberden's nodes   Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2° to osteoarthritis)  
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Heinz bodies   G6PD deficiency  
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura   Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs  
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Heterophil antibodies   Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)  
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HbF   Thalassemia major  
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High-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)   Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B₁ deficiency)  
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HLA-B27   Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis  
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HLA-DR3 or -DR4   Diabetes mellitus type 1 (autoimmune destruction of β cells)  
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Homer Wright rosettes   Neuroblastoma  
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Honeycomb lung on x-ray   Interstitial fibrosis  
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Horner's syndrome   Ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis  
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Howell-Jolly bodies   Splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen  
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Huntington's disease   Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant)  
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Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility   Kluver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala)  
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Hyperpigmentation of the skin   1° adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)  
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Hypersegmented neutrophils   Macrocytic anemia  
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Hypertension + hypokalemia   Conn's syndrome  
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Hypochromic microcytosis   Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning  
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Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum   Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)  
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Increased uric acid levels   Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics  
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Intussesception   Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyer's pathches)  
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Janeway lesions   Endocarditis  
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Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction   Syphilis - overaggressive treatment of asymptomatic pt that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis  
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Job's syndrome   Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality  
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Karposi's sarcoma   AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men)  
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Kartagener's syndrome   Dynein defect  
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Kayser-Fleischer rings   Wilson's disease  
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Keratin pearls   Squamous cell carcinoma  
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Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules   Diabetic neuropathy  
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Klüver-Bucy syndrome   Bilateral amygdala lesions  
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Koilocytes   HPV  
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Koplik spots   Measels  
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Krukenberg tumor   Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases  
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Kussmaul hyperpnea   Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)  
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Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility   Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin deficit)  
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome   HGPRT deficiency  
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Lewy bodies   Parkinson's disease  
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Libman-Sacks disease   Endocarditis associated with SLE  
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Lines of Zahn   Aterial thrombus  
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Lisch nodules   Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease)  
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Low serum ceruloplasmin   Wilson's disease  
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Lucid interval   Epidural hematoma  
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"Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence   Poststreptoccocal glomerulonephritis  
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Lytic bone lesions on x-ray   Multiple myeloma  
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Mallory bodies   Alcoholic liver disease  
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome   Esophagogastric lacerations  
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McArdle's disease   Muscle phosphorylase deficiency  
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McBurney's sign   Appendicitis  
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MLF syndrome (INO)   Multiple sclerosis  
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Monoclonal antibody spike   Multiple myeloma (called the M protein, usually IgG or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), Waldenstrom's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia  
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Myxedema   Hypothyroidism  
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Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis   Wegener's and Goodpasture's (hemoptysis and glomerular disease)  
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Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals   Gout  
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Negri bodies   Rabies  
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Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss   Alport's syndrome  
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Neurofibrillary tangles   Alzheimer's disease  
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Niemann-Pick disease   Sphingomyelinase deficiency  
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No lacation postpartum   Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)  
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Nutmeg liver   CHF  
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Occupational exposure to asbestos   Malignant mesothelioma  
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"Orphan Annie" nuclei   Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid  
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Osler's nodes   Endocarditis  
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Owl's eye   CMV  
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Painless jaundice   Pancreatic cancer (head)  
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Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks   Henoch-Schönlein purpura  
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Pancoast's tumor   Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner's syndrome  
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Pannus   Rheumatoid arthritis  
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Parkinson's disease   Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion  
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Periosteal elevation on x-ray   Pyogenic osteomyelitis  
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome   Benign polyposis  
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Peyronie's disease   Penile fibrosis  
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Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl)   CML (may sometime be associated with AML)  
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Pick bodies   Pick's disease  
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Pick's disease   Progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's  
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"Pink puffer"   Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α₁-antitrypsin defiency])  
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome   Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia  
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Podagra   Gout (MP joint of hallux)  
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Podocyte fusion   Minimal change disease  
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Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema   Dry beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B₁ deficiency)  
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Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection   Guillain-Barré syndrome  
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Pompe's disease   Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly  
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Port-wine stain   Hemangioma  
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Positive anterior "drawer sign"   Anterior cruciate ligament injury  
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Pott's disease   Vertebral TB  
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Pseudopalidase tumor cell arrangement   Glioblastoma multiforme  
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Pseudorosettes   Ewing's sarcoma  
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Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis   Horner's syndrome (Pancoast's tumor)  
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Rash on palms and soles   2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever  
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RBC casts in urine   Acute glomerulonephritis  
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Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections   Cystic fibrosis  
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Red urine in the morning   Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria  
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Reed-Sternberg cells   Hodgkin's lymphoma  
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Increased Reid index   Chronic bronchitis  
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Reinke crystals   Leydig cell tumor  
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Reiter's syndrome   Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis  
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Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas   von Hippel-Lindau disease  
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Renal epithelial casts in urine   Acute toxic/viral nephrosis  
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Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent   Pseudogout  
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Rib notching   Coarctation of aorta  
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Roth's spots on retina   Endocarditis  
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Rotor's syndrome   Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia  
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Rouleaux formation (RBCs)   Multiple myeloma  
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Russell bodies   Multiple myeloma  
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S3   Left to right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)  
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S4   Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis  
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Schillar-Duval bodies   Yolk sac tumor  
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Senile plaques   Alzheimer's disease  
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Sézary syndrome   Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma  
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Sheehan's syndrome   Postpartum pituitary necrosis  
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Shwartzman reaction   Neisseria meningitidis  
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Signet ring cells   Gastric carcinoma  
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Simian crease   Down syndrome  
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Sipple's syndrome   MEN type IIa  
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Sjögren's syndrome   Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis  
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Skip lesions   Crohn's disease  
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"Slapped cheek"   Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)  
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Smith antigen   SLE  
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"Smudge cell"   CLL  
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Soap bubble on x-ray   Giant cell tumor of bone  
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Spike and dome on EM   Membranous glomerulonephritis  
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Spitz nevus   Benign juvenile melanoma  
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Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails   Endocarditis  
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Starry sky pattern   Burkitt's lymphoma  
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"Strawberry" tongue   Scarlet fever  
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Streaky ovaries   Turner's syndrome  
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String sign on x-ray   Crohn's disease  
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Subepithelial humps on EM   Postreptoccocal glomerulonephritis  
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Suboccipital lymphadenopathy   Rubella  
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Sulfur granules   Actinomyces israelii  
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Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia   Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vit C deficiency) - vit C is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis  
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Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo - decrescendo)   Aortic valve stenosis  
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t(8;14)   Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)  
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t(9;22)   Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)  
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Tabes dorsalis   3° syphilis  
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Tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles)   Familial hypercholesterolemia  
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Thumb sign on lateral x-ray   Epiglottitis (H influenzae)  
🗑
Thyroidization of kidney   Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis  
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Tophi   Gout  
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"Tram track" appearance on LM   Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis  
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Trousseau's sign   Visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)  
🗑
Virchow's node   Left supraclavicular node enlargement from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach  
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Virchow's triad   Pulmonary embolism (blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation)  
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von Recklinghausen's disease   Neurofibromatosis with cafe-au-lait spots  
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von Recklinghausen's disease of the bone   Osteitis fibrosa cystica ("brown tumor")  
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Wallenberg's syndrome   PICA thrombosis  
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome   Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia  
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Waxy casts   Chronic end-stage renal disease  
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WBC casts in urine   Acute pyelonephritis  
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WBCs in urine   Acute cystitis  
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Wermer's syndrome   MEN type 1  
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Whipple's disease   Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii  
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Wilson's disease   Hepatolenticular degeneration  
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"Wire loop" appearance on LM   Lupus nephropathy  
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Xanthochromia (CSF)   Subarachnoid hemorrhage  
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Xerostomia + arthritis + keratoconjunctivitis sicca   Sjögren's syndrome  
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Zenker's diverticulum   Upper GI diverticulum  
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Zollinger-Ellison syndrome   Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with ulcers  
🗑


   

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