dental
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| Vet tech tasks | dental prophylaxis, certain procedures that do not result in alterations in the shape, structure, or positional location of teeth in the dental arch.
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| After appropriate training and under the direct supervision of the vet. you may: | take impressions,make models, chart veterinary lesions, take and develop radiographs, perform non-surgical subgingival root scaling and debridement, providing that they do not alter the structure of the tooth
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| apical | toward the apex of the tooth root
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| buccal | side of the tooth that faces the cheek (posterior teeth)
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| cervical | toward the crown of the tooth
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| distal | side of the tooth that is farthest from the midline of the maxillary or mandibular dental arch
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| gingival | area of the tooth toward or at the gingival tissue
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| incisal | biting surface of the anterior teeth
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| interdental | area between two adjacent teeth in the same arch
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| interradicular | area between roots of multirooted teeth
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| labial | surface of the tooth nearest the lips, term used to describe the front surface of incisor teeth as opposed to the distal surface that faces the tongue
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| lingual | side of the tooth that faces the tongue (applied to mandibular teeth)
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| mesial | surface of the tooth that is closest to the midline of the maxillary or mandibular dental arch
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| occlusal | the chewing surfaces of the caudal teeth
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| palatal | the side of the tooth that faces the palate (applied to maxillary teeth)
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| cingulum | bump like located on the side of the incisors nearest the tongue
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| mesial surface | surface of the tooth facing the next tooth forward
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| distal surface | surface facing tooth behind
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| Malocclusions | this refers to an abnormal tooth alignment
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| class I | neutroclusion(displaced canines/ anterior cross bite/ posterior crossbite)
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| class II | distoclusion
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| class III | mesioclusion
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| class I | top and bottom jaw lengths are of normal proportion but one or more teeth are tipped or rotated out of normal line of occlusion for example anterior crossbite
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| class II | distoclusion, this can be a result of an abnormally long maxilla or an abnormally short mandible
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| class III | mesioclusion, mandibular teeth occlude mesial to their normal maxillary counterpart. this can be a result of an abnormally short maxilla or an abnormally long mandible
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| Brachygnathism | the upper jaw is longer than the lower jaw
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| Prognathism | the mandible is longer than the maxilla
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| wry mouth | one segment of the jaw is disproportionate to the other segment. elongation of one half of the head. simply put this is a form of brachygnathism or prognathism that affects only the right or left side quadrant
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| Mandibular prognathism | mandible is longer than the maxilla
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| attrition | abrasion
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| orthodontic care | braces, acrylic retainers, springs, and elastics. breeders at times use rubber bands which move teeth, but compromise the gum tissue around teeth leading to periodontal disease, pain, and early tooth loss
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| Brachycephalic | wide skull with a short maxilla; ex boxers, bull dogs, and persian cats
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| Mesaticephalic or Mesocephalic | well proportioned skull width and maxillary length; ex dalmations, labs and german shephards
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| Dolichocephalic | narrow skull and long maxilla; ex sight hounds and siamese cats
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| Tetracycline Antibiotic Staining | avoid the use of these antibiotics in pregnant bitches and animals less than one year old. Doxirobe Gel causes permanent discoloration of teeth
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| Periodontics and Periodontal disease | The branch of dentistry concerned with the study and treatment of the periodontium. More specifically these are the supporting structures
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| suporting structures | gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar and supporting bone (tooth socket) and the cementum of the tooth root
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| healthy dog: depth of sulcus | one to three mm deep
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| healthy cat: depth of sulcus | one mm deep
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| What is the percentage of cats and dogs with periodontal disease | seventy to eighty percent have some form of periodontal disease by age three
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| Plaque | white, slippery film that collects around the gingival sulcus of the tooth. It is composed of bacteria, food debris, exfoliated cells, and salivary glycoproteins. Over ti
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| occlusal | the chewing surfaces of the caudal teeth
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| palatal | the side of the tooth that faces the palate (applied to maxillary teeth)
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| cingulum | bump like located on the side of the incisors nearest the tongue
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| mesial surface | surface of the tooth facing the next tooth forward
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| distal surface | surface facing tooth behind
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| Malocclusions | this refers to an abnormal tooth alignment
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| class I | neutroclusion(displaced canines/ anterior cross bite/ posterior crossbite)
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| class II | distoclusion
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| class III | mesioclusion
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| class I | top and bottom jaw lengths are of normal proportion but one or more teeth are tipped or rotated out of normal line of occlusion for example anterior crossbite
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| class II | distoclusion, this can be a result of an abnormally long maxilla or an abnormally short mandible
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| class III | mesioclusion, mandibular teeth occlude mesial to their normal maxillary counterpart. this can be a result of an abnormally short maxilla or an abnormally long mandible
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| Brachygnathism | the upper jaw is longer than the lower jaw
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| Prognathism | the mandible is longer than the maxilla
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| wry mouth | one segment of the jaw is disproportionate to the other segment. elongation of one half of the head. simply put this is a form of brachygnathism or prognathism that affects only the right or left side quadrant
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| Mandibular prognathism | mandible is longer than the maxilla
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| attrition | abrasion
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| orthodontic care | braces, acrylic retainers, springs, and elastics. breeders at times use rubber bands which move teeth, but compromise the gum tissue around teeth leading to periodontal disease, pain, and early tooth loss
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| Brachycephalic | wide skull with a short maxilla; ex boxers, bull dogs, and persian cats
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| Mesaticephalic or Mesocephalic | well proportioned skull width and maxillary length; ex dalmations, labs and german shephards
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| Dolichocephalic | narrow skull and long maxilla; ex sight hounds and siamese cats
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| Tetracycline Antibiotic Staining | avoid the use of these antibiotics in pregnant bitches and animals less than one year old. Doxirobe Gel causes permanent discoloration of teeth
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| Periodontics and Periodontal disease | The branch of dentistry concerned with the study and treatment of the periodontium. More specifically these are the supporting structures
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| suporting structures | gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar and supporting bone (tooth socket) and the cementum of the tooth root
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| healthy dog: depth of sulcus | one to three mm deep
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| healthy cat: depth of sulcus | one mm deep
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| What is the percentage of cats and dogs with periodontal disease | seventy to eighty percent have some form of periodontal disease by age three
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| Plaque | white, slippery film that collects around the gingival sulcus of the tooth. It is composed of bacteria, food debris, exfoliated cells, and salivary glycoproteins.
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| dental calculus | plaque will mineralize on the teeth to form dental calculus, a brown or yellow deposit
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| plaque plus saliva | tarter/calculus(mineralization of plaque/saliva
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| plaque releases | bacterial endotoxins that damages the gingival tissues
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| what does the immune system do when trying to rid the plaque | release harmful by-products from white blood cells
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| Periodontitis affects what organs | liver, kidney, heart, and lungs
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| Grade I for Periodontal disease | reversible gingivitis.
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| Grade II for Periodontal disease | advanced gingivitis/ early periodontitis-some attatchment loss present(one to two mm)
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| Grade III | Moderate periodontitis-moderate attatchment loss three to six mm. these teeth have a fair to guarded prognosis
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| Grade IIII | Advanced periodontitis-advanced attatchment loss greater than six mm. these teeth usually have a poor prognosis
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| Stage I | gingival inflammation, no evidence of attachment loss
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| Stage II | Less than twenty five percent attatchment loss
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| Stage III | Established Periodontitis(moderate peridotitis) between twenty five to fifty percent attachment loss: Grade one tooth mobility
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| Tooth mobility Grade I | slight tooth movement
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| Tooth mobility Grade II | Moderate tooth movement of one mm
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| Tooth mobility Grade III | Marked tooth movement of more than one mm
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| Tooth mobility Grade IIII | Stage four, advanced periodontitis, greater than fifty percent attachment loss; Grade two, three mobility in single rooted teeth
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| what is the treatment | remove the plaque and calculus from teeth and minimize reoccurrence, surgery, root debridement, subgingival currettage
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| root debridement | removal of calculus from diseased tooth roots
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| subgingival curettage | cleaning/debriding the gingiva covering the roots(foreign debris and granulation tissue
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| technician note the key to prevention of periodontal disease | minimize plaque accumulation by means of proper diet, routine professional dental scaling and polishing, and daily teeth brushing or mouth rinse
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| Caries means | Cavity which is uncommon
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| Periodontal elevators | used to elevate the gingival mucosa to allow root planning, tooth sectioning, and creating gingival flaps
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| Supragingival scalers | used on the exposed tooth to remove calculus above the gingiva (not to be used subgingivally)
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| Dental extraction forceps | used to remove tooth from jaw and to clean heavy calculus off teeth. Do not apply too much pressure as you could fracture the tooth
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| curettes are used | subgingivally to scale tooth roots and debride the gingival sulcus. they come in various angles to improve access to the tooth roots
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| scaler is held | in a modified pen grasp.
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| the stroke of a scaler | should be made through the wrist and not the fingers to avoid operator hand fatigue
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| The dental explorer has a | fine tip and is used to detect subgingival calculus and tooth abnormalities.
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| Periodontal probe is marked in | mm increments to measure periodontal pocket depth
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| shepherd's hook | dog
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| No. six explorer | cat
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| Probing depth | measurement from gingival margin to pocket base
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| Feline's Kit | Miltex Feline Periodontal Instrument Kit
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| Dog's kit | Miltex Canine Periodontal Instument Kit
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| Dental cleaning tray | subgingival curette, explorer and periodontal probe, supragingival curette, prophy cup. and a variety of mouth gags
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| Proper positioning for a radiograph of the mandibular premolars and molars | lateral recumbency
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| Positioning for a study of the mandibular incisors and canines | dorsal recumbency
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| Positioning for the rostral mandibular premolars. Can also obtain a lateral view of the incisors and canine tooth | dorsal recumbency
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| Positioning for the maxillary incisors | sternal recumbency
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| Positioning for a study of the maxillary premolars. can also be used to obtain a lateral view of the maxillary incisors and canine tooth | sternal recumbency
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| x-rays help determine | if extraction is necessary
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| Technician Note: when one is learning positioning techniques for intraoral dental radiographs | it is easiest to place the dog or cat in sternal recumbency for views of the maxillary dentition, in dorsal recumbency for views of the anterior mandible, and in lateral recumbency for views of the mandibular premolars and molars
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| Bisecting Angle Technique | this minimizes image distortion and produces an accurate image of the canine teeth on the dental film. In any ninty degree arc, there is one angle that will allow an x-ray beam to cast an accurate shadow of the tooth on the film
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| what is the first thing to do for the bisecting angle | find the middle of the long axis of tooth and film
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| what is the second thing to do for the bisecting angle | use the BA and x-ray head to create a nintey degree angle, no larger, no smaller
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| three ways to reduce incidence of tracheal tears | 1) always disconnect the animal from the anesthesia circuit when repositioning them 2) minimize movement of the endotracheal tube 3) inflate the cuff just enough to stop anesthetic-gas leaks
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| what is the longest to keep the ultra sonic scaler on the tooth | ten to fifteen seconds to avoid heat build up
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| why is polishing teeth so important | prevent rapid plaque accululation following dental cleaning
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| how long can the polisher be left on teeth | not longer than five seconds or thermal damage could result
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| What are the advantages of using fluoride polishing pastes | fluoride strengthens enamel, decreases tooth sensitivity, has antimicrobial properties, decreases the rate of plaque reattachment
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| what is the angle the sharpening stone should be kept at | an angle of one hundred to one hundred ten to the scaler face to maintain the proper shape of the instument
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| where does the conical sharpening stone placed on the curette | rolled across the face of the scaler to remove wire edges
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| materials used to take impression | rubber mixing bowl, spatula, impression trays, scoop, and water measuring cylinder
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step one) | Oral exam on awake animal
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step two) | oral exam under general anesthesia
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step three) | charting
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step four) | dental radiology
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step five) | Calculus removal above gumline
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step six) | Calculus removal below the gumline with a curette
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step seven) | Polishing
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step eight) | irrigation
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step nine) | application of fluoride
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step ten) | therapy to treat lesions
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step eleven) | home care instructions
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| Periodontal Therapy Stage I (step twelve) | follow up to monitor periodontal disease and prevent halitosis
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| Stage one | six months
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| stage two | three months
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| stage three and four | monthly
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| what is the final stage of cleaning | client education on dental home care for their pet, and demonstrate how to brush the pet's teeth
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| Technician note the key to success with dental home care | finding a product that works well for the owner and is acceptable to the pet. with patience, praise, and guidance, the owner should be able to find a dental home care treatment that will work for his or her pet
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| how can we prevent periodontal disease | proper diet, dental scaling and polishing, daily teeth brushing or mouth rinsing
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| AVDT | The Academy of Veterinary Dental Technicians
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| ASVDT | The American Society for Veterinary Dental Technicians
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| AVDS | The American Veterinary Dental Society
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| furcation | The region of a multirooted tooth at which the root divides
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vettech2009
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