Skeletal System and Muscles & Joints
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| Articular cartilage | Thin layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones and the surfaces of the joints
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| Articular joint | the point at which two bones come together
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| Bunion | abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
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| Bursa | a small sac that contains synovial fluid for lubricating the area around the joint where friction is most likely to occur
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| Closed manipulation | the manual forcing of a joint back into its original position without making an incision;also called closed reduction
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| Crepitation | clicking or crackling sounds heard upon joint movement
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| Ganglionectomy | surgical removal of a ganglion
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| Joint cavity | space between two connecting bones
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| *Kyphosis | humpback
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| Ligaments | connective tissue bands that join bone to bone
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| Malaise | feeling of weakness
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| Needle aspiration | insertion of a needle into a cavity for the purpose of withdrawing fluid
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| Photosensitivity | increased reaction of the skin to exposure to sunlight
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| Sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve,marked by pain and tenderness along the path of the nerve through the thigh and leg
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| Subluxation | incomplete dislocation
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| Suture | an immovable joint
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| Synovial fluid | a thick lubricating fluid located in synovial joints
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| Synovial membrane | lining of a synovial joint cavity
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| Viscous | sticky;gelatinous
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| Bone depressions | Concave, indented areas or openings in bones
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| Bone markings | Specific features of individual bones
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| Bone processes | Projections or outgrowths of bones
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| Cancellous bone | Spongy bone, not as dense as compact bone
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| Cervical vertebrae | Vertebrae or bones of the neck, C1 through C7
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| Compact bone | Hard outer shell of the bone
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| Condyle | Knucklelike projection at the end of the bone
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| Crest | Distinct border or ridge, as in iliac crest
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| Diaphysis | Main shaftlike portion of the bone
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| Epiphyseal line | A layer of cartilage that separates the disphysis from the epiphysis of a bone; also known as the epiphyseal plane
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| Epiphysis | The end of the bone
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| False ribs | Rib pairs 8 through 10, which connect to the vertebrae in the back but not to the sternum in the front because they join the seventh rib in the front
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| Fissure | A groove or depression in a bone; a sulcus
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| Flat bones | Bones that are broad and thin with flat or curved surfaces, such as the sternum
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| Floating ribs | Rib pairs 11 and 12, which connect to the vertebrae in the back but are free of any attachment in the front
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| Fontanelle or fontanel | Space between the bones of an infant’s cranium; “soft spot”
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| Foramen | Hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
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| Fossa | Hollow or concave depression in a bone
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| Haversian canals | System of small canals within compact bone that contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
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| Hematopoiesis | The normal formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow
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| Intercostal spaces | spaces between the ribs
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| Invertebral disc | A flat, circular platelike structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion (or shock absorber) between the vertebrae
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| Long bones | Bones that are longer than they are wide and with distinctive shaped ends, such as the femur
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| Lumbar vertebrae | The vertebrae of the lower back, L1 through L5.
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| Medullary cavity | The center portion of the shaft of a long bone containing the yellow marrow
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| Ossification | The conversion of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue to bone; the formation of bone
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| Osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that actively produce bony tissue
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| Osteoclasts | Large cells that absorb or digest old bone tissue
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| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells
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| Periosteum | The thick, white, fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a long bone
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| Red bone marrow | The soft, semifluid substance located in the small spaces of cancellous bone that is the source of blood cell production
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| Resorption | The process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
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| Sesamoid bones | Irregular bones imbedded in tendons near a joint, as in the kneecap
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| Short bones | Bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat box-shaped, such as the wrist bone
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| Sinus | An opening or hollow space in a bone; a cavity within a bone
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| Spine | A sharp projection from the surface of a bone, similar to a crest.
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| Stenosis | An abnormal condition characterized by a narrowing or restriction of an opening or passageway in a body structure
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| Sulcus | A grieve or depression in a bone; a fissure
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| Sutures | Immovable joints, such as those of the cranium
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| Thoracic vertebrae | The 12 vertebrae of the chest, T1 through T12
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| Trabeculae | Needlelike bony spicules within cancellous bone that contribute to the spongy appearance. Their distribution along lines of stress adds to the strength of the bone.
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| Trocehanter | Large bony process located below the neck of the femur.
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| True ribs | The first seven pairs of ribs, which connect to the vertebrae in the back and to the sternum in the front.
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| Tubercle | a small rounded process of a bone
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| Tuberosity | An elevated, broad, rounded process of a bone
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| Vertebral Foramen | A large opening in the center of each vertebra that serves as a passageway for the spinal cord
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| Yellow marrow | Located in the disphysis of long bones, yellow marrow consists of fatty tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
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| Acetabul/o | acetabulum
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| -blast, blast/o | embryonic stage of development
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| calc/o, calc/I | calcium
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| calcane/o | heel bone
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| *carp/o | wrist
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| -clast, -clastic | to break
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| clavicul/o | collarbone
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| coccyg/o | coccyx
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| cost/o | ribs
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| crani/o | skull, cranium
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| *femor/o | femur
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| fibul/o | fibula
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| gen/o | to produce
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| *humer/o | humerus
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| *ili/o | ilium
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| *ischi/o | ischium
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| *kyph/o | humpback; pertaining to a hump
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| lamin/o | lamina
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| *lord/o | swayback; bent
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| lumb/o | loins, lower back
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| *malac/o | softening
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| *-malacia | softening
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| *mandibul/o | mandible (lower jaw)
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| *mastoid/o | mastoid process
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| *maxill/o | upper jaw
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| *metacarp/o | hand bones
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| *metatars/o | foot bones
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| myel/o | spinal cord or bone marrow
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| olecran/o | elbow
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| orth/o | straight
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| oste/o | bone
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| *patell/o, patell/a | kneecap
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| pelv/i | pelvis
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| phalang/o | fingers, toes
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| *-physis | growth, growing
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| por/o | cavity, opening, passage, or pore
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| *-porosis | porous; lessening in density
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| *pub/o | pubis
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| rach/i | spinal column
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| *radi/o | radiation, also refers to the radius
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| *scapula/o | shoulder blade
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| *scoli/o | crooked, bent
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| spondyl/o | vertebra
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| sten/o | short contracted, or narrow
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| stern/o | sternum
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| *tars/o | ankle bones
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| tempor/o | temples of the head
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| vertebr/o | vertebra
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| *osteoporosis | Osteoporosis literally means porous bones; that is, bones that were once strong become fragile due to loss of bone density
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| *Osteomalacia | disease in which bones become abnormally soft due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorous in the blood. This disease results in fractures and noticeable deformities of the weight-bearing bones.
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| Osteomyelitis | Is a local or generalized infection of the bone and bone marrow, resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread to the bone tissue through the blood.
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| Ewing’s sarcoma | Is a malignant tumor of the bones common to young adults, particular adolescent boys
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| Osteogenic sarcoma | Is a malignant tumor arising from bone. Also known as osteosarcoma, it is the most common malignant bone tumor – with common sites being the distal femur, the proximal tibia, and the proximal humerus.
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| Osteochondroma | Is the most common benign bone tumor. The femur and the tibia are most frequently involved.
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| Paget’s disease | A nonmetabolic disease of the bone, characterized by excessive bone destruction and unorganized bone formation by the osteoblasts. The bone is weak and prone to fractures.After symptoms are present, takes on a mosaic pattern seen with X-Ray or bone scan
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| Spinal stenosis | Is a narrowing of the vertebral canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramina of the lumbar spinal canal. The narrowing causes pressure on the nerve roots prior to their exit from the foramina
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| Talipes equinovarus | clubfoot
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| *Abnormal curvatures of the spine | a) Kyphosis,outward curvature of a portion of the spine or hunchback b) Lordosis,inward curvature of a portion of the spine, commonly known as swayback c) Scoliosis, lateral curvature of a portion of the spine, to the left or right.
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| *Closed fracture | simple fracture,break in bone, no open wound in skin
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| *Open fracture | compound fracture, break in bone with open wound in skin
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| *Complete fracture | break extends through entire thickness of bone
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| *Incomplete fracture | greenstick fracture,does not extend through entire thickness of bone; one side of the bone is broken and one side of the bone is bent(like trying to snap a green stick or branch from a tree)
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| *Compression fracture | caused by bone surfaces being forced against each other;as in the compression of one vertebra against another. Often associated w/osteoporosis
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| *Impacted fracture | direct force causes the bone to break, forcing the broken end of the smaller bone into the broken end of the larger bone.
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| *Comminuted fracture | when the force is so great that it splinters or crushes a segment of the bone.
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| *Colles’ fracture | occurs at the lower end of the radius, within 1” of connecting with the wrist bones.
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| *Hairline fracture | stress fracture,minor in which the bone continues to be in perfect alignment. Appears in X-ray as a very thin hairline between the 2 segments.
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| *Pathological fracture | when a bone is weakened by a pre-existing disease and breaks in response to a force that would not normally cause a break
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| *Occult fracture | a hidden fracture, cannot be detected by X-ray until some weeks after injury
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| *Closed reduction of fracture | aligning the bone fragments through manual manipulation or traction, without incision.
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| *Open reduction of fracture | realigning under direct observation during surgery
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| Bone scan | intravenous injection of a radioisotope that is absorbed by bone tissue. Scan then detects areas of concentration of isotope and converts image to screen.
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| Bone marrow aspiration | process of removing a small sample of bone marrow from a selected site with a needle to examine specimen under microscope
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| *Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) | measures bone density by computer measuring amount of radiation absorbed by the bones
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| C1,C2,C3… | cervical vertebra 1,2,3…
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| *DEXA | dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
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| DIP | distal interphalangeal(joint)
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| *Fx | fracture
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| L1,L2,L3… | lumbar vertebra 1,2,3, …
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| MCP | metacarpophalangeal(joint)
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| MTP | metatarsophalangeal(joint)
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| PIP | proximal interphalangeal(joint)
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| S1 | sacrum
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| T1,T2,T3,... | thoracic vertebra 1,2,3,etc.
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| *THA | total hip arthroplasty
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| *THR | total hip replacement
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| *TKA | total knee arthroplasty
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| *TKR | total knee replacement
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| *TMJ | temporomandibular joint
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| Buccinators | located in the fleshy part of the cheek
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| Temporal muscle | located above and near the ear
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| Masseter | located at the angle of the jaw, raises the mandible and closes the jaw.
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| Sternocleidomastoid | extends from the sternum upward along the side of the neck to the mastoid process.
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| Trapezius | triangular-shaped muscle that extends across the back of the shoulder, covers the back of the neck and inserts on the clavicle and scapula.
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| Latissimus dorsi | originates from the vertebrae of the lower back, crosses the lower half of the thoracic region and passes between humerus and scapula to insert on the anterior surface of the humerus
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| Pectoralis major | major muscle, large,fan-shaped muscle that crosses the upper part of the front of the chest. Forms anteriour border of the axilla(armpit)
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| *Deltoid | covers shoulder joint. Used for intramuscular injections.
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| *Biceps brachii | has 2 heads, both originate from the scapula and insert on the radius
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| *Triceps brachii | muscle has 3 heads, originate from the scapula and the humerus and insert onto the olecranon process of the ulna
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| *Gluteous maximus | forms most of the fleshy part of the buttock. Offers support when an individual is standing
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| Gluteus medius | smaller muscle located above the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus muscle
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| Quadriceps femoris | 4 of the 5 muscles that is the anterior part of the thigh (works together to extend the thigh)
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| Hamstring muscles | responsible for flexing the leg on the thigh and extending the thigh
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| Gastrocnemius | main muscle of the calf. Attaches to the calcaneus(heel bone) by way of the Achilles tendon
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| Tibialis anterior | positioned on the front of the leg. Responsible for turning the foot inward (inversion) and for dorsi-flexing the foot
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| Arthralgia | pain in the joints
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| Atrophy | wasting away; literally “without development”
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| *Cardiac muscle | forms the wall of the heart, type of involuntary muscle
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| Contract/contraction | reduciton in size, especially of muscle fibers
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| Contracture | abnormal bending of a joint into a fixed position
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| Fascia | thin sheets of fibrous connective tissue that penetrate and cover the entire muscle, holding the fibers together
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| Insertion | point of attachment of a muscle to a bone it moves
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| *Involuntary muscle | muscles that act without conscious control; controlled by autonomic nervous system and hormones
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| Muscle fiber | name given to the individual muscle cell
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| Origin | point of attachment of a muscle to a bone that is less movable
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| Pelvic girdle weakness | weakness of the muscles of the pelvic girdle (the muscles that extend the hip and the knee)
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| *Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy | a form of muscular dystrophy that is characterized by progressive weakness and muscle fiber degeneration without evidence of nerve involvement or degeneration of nerve tissue; also known as Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
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| *Skeletal muscle | muscles that attach to the bones of the skeleton; also known as striated muscle
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| *Smooth muscle | muscles found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes such as the stomach, intestines, repiratory passageways, and blood vessels; known as visceral muscles
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| *Striated muscle | have a striped appearance when viewed under a microscope(skeletal and cardiac muscles are examples)
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| Tendon | strong fibrous band of tissue that extends from a muscle, attaching it to the bone by becoming continuous with the periosteum of the bone
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| Torso | trunk
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| *Visceral muscle | muscles of the internal organs
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| *Voluntary muscle | muscles that operate under conscious control
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| *Bi- | two,double
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| Bucc/o | cheek
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| Dors/o | back
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| Dys- | bad,difficult, painful disordered
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| Electr/o | electrical, electricity
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| Fasci/o | band of fibrous tissue
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| Fibr/o | fiber
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| -graphy | process of recording
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| -itis | inflammation
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| *leiomy/o | smooth muscle
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| *my/o | muscle
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| pector/o | pertaining to the chest
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| rhabdomy/o | striated muscle;skeletal muscle
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| *tri- | three
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| troph/o | development
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| *muscular dystrophy | a group of genetically transmitted disorders characterized by progressive symmetrical wasting of skeletal muscles
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| polymyositis | chronic, progressive disease, muscle weakness of hips and arms and degeneration
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| rotator cuff tear | tear in muscles that forma “cuff” over the upper end of the arm or head of the humerous.
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| Strains | an injury to the body of the muscle or attachment of the tendon from overstretching,overextension or misuse
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| Muscle biopsy | extraction of a specimen of muscle tissue through biopsy needle or incisional biopsy for examination under microscope
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| Electromyography | process of recording strength of the contraction of a muscle when it is stimulated by electric current
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| *IM | intramuscular
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| *MD | muscular dystrophy
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| *DTR | deep tendon reflexes
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| EMG | electromyography
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| Fibrous joint | immovable joint, where surfaces of bones fit loosely together and are held together by fibrous connective tissue
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| Cartilaginous joint | bones are connected by cartilage, allows for limited movement
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| *Synovial joint | bones have a space between them called join cavity which is lined with a synovial membrane. Bones of this joint are held together by ligaments.
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| Hinge joint | allows movement in one direction—back and forth
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| Ball and socket joint | allows movements in many directions around a central point
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| Flexion | is a bending motion
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| Extension | a straightening motion
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| Abduction | movement of a bone away from the midline of the body
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| Adduction | movement of a bone toward the midline of the body
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| Rotation | movement that involves the turning of a bone on its own axis
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| Supination | act of turning the palm up or forward
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| Pronation | act of turning the palm down or backward
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| Dorsiflexion | of the foot narrows the angle between the leg and the top of the foot
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| Plantar flexion | of the foot increases the angle between the leg and the top of the foot
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| Circumduction | is the movement of an extremity around in a circular motion
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| Ankyl/o | stiff
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| *Arthr/o | joint
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| Articul/o | joint
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| Burs/o | bursa
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| *-centesis | surgical puncture
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| *-desis | binding or surgical fusion
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| -gram | record or picture
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| -graphy | process of recording
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| -itis | inflammation
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| ligament/o | ligament
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| oste/o | bone
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| -plasty | surgical repair
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| -scopy | process of viewing with an endoscope
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| ten/o,tendin/o,tend/o | tendon
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| adhesive capsulitis | a shoulder condition characterized by stiffness of the shoulder, limited shoulder movement and pain(frozen shoulder)
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| *arthritis | inflammation of joints
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| *ankylosing spondylitis | type of arthritis that affects the vertebral column and causes deformities of the spine
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| bunion | an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
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| dislocation | the displacement of a bone from its normal location within a joint, causing loss of function
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| ganglion | a cystic tumor developing on a tendon
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| *gout | a form of acute arthritis that is characterized by inflammation of the first metatarsal joint of the great toe
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| *herniated disk | the rupture of the cen tral portion, or nucleus, of the disk through the disk wall and into the spinal canal
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| Lyme disease | an acute recurrent inflammatory infection transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick
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| *Osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease, common form of arthritis and is from wear and tear on the joints
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| *Rheumatoid arthritis | chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease affecting multiple joints of body, mainly small peripheral joints (hands and feet)
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| Sprains | an injury involving the ligaments that surround and support a joint (caused by wrenching or twisting motion)
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| *Systemic lupus erythematosus | chronic inflammatory connectivetissue disease affecting the skin,joints,nervous system,kidneys,lungs,and other organs. Most obvious symptom is “butterfly rash”
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| Arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint with a needle for withdrawing fluid for analysis
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| Arthrogram | an X-ray of a joint after injection of a contrast medium
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| Arthrography | process of X-raying the inside of a joint, after a contrast medium has been injected into the joint
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| Arthroplasty | surgical reconstruction of a joint
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| Arthroscopy | the visualization of the interior of a joint using an endoscope
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| Rheumatoid factor | blood test that measures the presence of unusual antibodies that develop in a number of connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis
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| Erythrocyte sed rate | a blood test that measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube filled with unclotted blood
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| DIP | distal interphalangeal (joint)
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| *ESR (sed rate) | erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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| HNP | herniated nucleus pulposus
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| LLE | left lower extremity
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| MCP | metacarpophalangeal (joint)
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| *OA | osteoarthritis
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| PIP | proximal interphalangeal (joint)
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| *RA | rheumatoid arthritis
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| *RF | rheumatoid factor
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| RLE | right lower extremity
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| RUE | right upper extremity
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| *SLE | systemic lupus erythematosus
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| *humerus | upper arm bone, joins the radius and ulna below
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| *radius | one of 2 lower arm bones, joins humerus above and wrist bones below
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| *ulna | 2nd of 2 lower arm bones jons humerus above and wrist bones below. on little finger side of arm
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| *carpals | bones of wrist
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| *metacarpals | join the carpals with the fingers(phalanges)
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| *phalanges | bones of fingers
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| *ischium | lowest part of the hip bones, bony part that rests on chair
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| *femur | thigh bone,longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body
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| *patella | knee bone, or kneecap
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| *tibia | the shin bone
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| *fibula | along side the tibia, more slender then the tibia
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| *tarsals | bones of the ankle
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| *metatarsals | bones of the foot
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| *Illiac crest | upper curved edge of the ilium
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| *ilium | largest of the 3 hip bones
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| *pelvis | formed by the hip bones; ilium,ischium,pubis
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| *pubis | anterior, front part of the hip bones
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| *symphysis pubis | point of connection of the 2 pubic bones
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| *calcaneus bone | largest of the tarsal bones(ankle), the heel bone
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| *talus bone | joins the tibia and fibula, to form the ankle joint
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| functions of skeletal system | 1)Serves as supporting framework of body2)Protects vital internal organs3)Important role in movement = provides points of attachment for muscles4)Reservoir for storing minerals5)Red bone marrow is responsible for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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