for final exam
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| The gut is suspended from the _______ wall of the ___________ by ________________ | posterior; peritoneal cavity; dorsal mesentary
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| The ventral mesentary is formed by thinning of what? | Caudal part of septum tranversum
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| how does the gut tube communicate with the yolk sac? | vitallene duct
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| What makes up the foregut (regions) | pharynx; thoracic esophagus; abdominal esophagus; stomach; superior half of duodenum
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| what makes up the midgut? (regions) | inferior half of duodedum; jejunum; illeu; cecum; appendix; ascending colon; right 2/3 transverse colon
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| What makes up the hindgut? (regions) | left 1/3 of transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum
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| What accessory organs are derived from foregut? | pharyngeal pouch derivitives; lungs; liver parenchyma ad hepatic duct epithelium; gallbladder; lungs; livr parenchyma and hepatic duct epithelium; gallbladder, cystic and common bile duct; exocrine pancreatic cells, pancreatic duct epi &pancreatic endocri
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| Accessory organs derived from hindgut endoderm | urogenital and derivitives
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| what day does stomach begin to elongate? | day 26
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| what day does stomach develop fusiform shape? | day 28
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| what happens to stomach in week 5 | dorsal wal grows faster than the ventral wall, producing a greater and lesser curvature
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| what happens to stomach in weeks 7-8? | rotates 90 degees clockwise to that greater curvaure lies to the left, Changes left vagal trunk to anterior and rt vagal tunk to posterior.
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| the stomach ALSO rotates slightly around the | ventrodorsal axis
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| how is the lesser sac of pertonieal cavity of stomach created? | by rotation into C shape, pressing against posterior body wall.
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| greater omentum | a large suspended fold of mesogastrium
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| during fetal life, what folds of the stomach fuse? what does this obilterate? | anterior and posterior folds of the greater omentum. Oblierates lowe recess,
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| what becomes the hepatic diverticulum? | endodermal thickening of ventral duodenum on right side of stomach.
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| where does hepatic diverticulum lie and what does it give rise to | lies in relation to the inferior region of the septum transversum.gives rise to liver cords, bile canaliculi, and hepatic ducts of the liver.
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| stroma of the liver is derived from | splanchnopleuric mesoderm
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| what forms liver sinusoids? | Epithelial liver cords intermingle with the vitelline and umbilical veins in this region
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| The mesoderm of the septum transversum between the liver and the foregut and the liver and the abdominal wall becomes membranous, forming the | lesser omentum and falciform ligament
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| what structures form the ventral mesogastrium? | lesser omentum and falciform ligament
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| area of the liver not covered by peritoneum is called | bare area of the liver
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| what becomes the bile duct? | connection between liver and gut.
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| what becomes the gallbladder and cystic duct? | ventral outgrowth of the bile duct
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| pancreas is formed by | dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds.
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| when do the two buds fuse to form pancreas | late wk 6
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| what does dorsal bud of pancreas become | head, body and tail,
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| what does ventral bud of pancreas become? | uncinate process
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| what does the dorsal mesogastrium form in week 5 | Spleen
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| rotation of the dorsal mesogastrium creates the ________ between the dorsal body wall and the spleen | splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament
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| what is the dorsal mesogastrium called when between the stomach and spleen | gastrosplenic ligament
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| what is the spleen involved in in the early stages? | hemoatopoiesis (blood formation)
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| the midgut forms a dorsoventral hairpin fold in the 5th week. What is it called? | primary intestinal loop
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| the cranial limb f the interstinal loop consists mostly of | ileum
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| caudal limb of intestinal loop is what? | transverse colon.
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| what forces the midgut loop to herniate into the umbilicus? | elongation and expansion of abdominal organs.
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| in the 10th week, what happens to midgut? | retracts into abdomen, rotates counter clock.
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| what happens to ascending and descending colon in 10-11 week | becomes seondary retoperitoneal.
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| what remains intraperitoneal in midgut | transverse colon
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| what fuses to form urorectal septum? | superior Tourneaux fold and two lateral Rathke folds from cloaca
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| what process separates the posterior anorectal canal and the anterior urogenital sinus. | urorectal septum
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| when does the endodermal epithelium in the gut proliferates and completely occludes the lumen of the gut | week 6
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| what develops into submuscosa and smooth muscle of gut tube? | mesoderm surrounding endodermal tube
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| What Arise from the intermediate mesoderm | nephric structure, portions of the gonads, male gential duct system
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| what neprhic structures will develop in cranial to caudal sequence? | cervical nephrotomes, mesonephroi, metanephroi (definitive kidneys)
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| no more than how many mesonephric tubules are present at any one time? | 30
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| the nephric elements consist of | Bowmans Capsule and Mesonephric tubule, Glomerulus, medonephric duct
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| what is Glomerulus? | a knot of capillaries on branches sprouting from the dorsal aorta
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| what does mesonephric tubules fuse with | mesonephric ducts
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| what week do the mesonephric tubules stop working and regress? | week 10, mostly. But some remains in males to become some of genetal duct system
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| what has ureteric buds sprout from the distal mesonephric ducts on day 28 and push into the sacral intermediate mesoderm (the metanephric blastema) | metanephroi
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| the uteric bud forms | ureters and collecting ducts
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| the metanephric blastema forms | nephrons
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| what week do the metanephroi begin to function? | week 10
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| what is the fetal kidneys prinicpal function | supplement the amniotic fluid
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| what is the placenta responsible for? | for clearing waste products from the blood.
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| The definitive renal architecture is created when? | between weeks 5-15
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| The “ascent” of the kidneys begins when | weeks 6-9
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| what abnormalitie can occur with the ascending of the kidneys? | "pelvic kidney", "horseshoe kidney"
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| After division of the cloaca, the anteriorly-located primitive urogenital sinus can be divided into: | 1. presumptive bladder 2. narrow neck called pelvic urethra 3. defintive urogenital sinus
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| The pelvic urethra in males will become | the membranous and prostatic urethra
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| in males, the definitive urogenital sinus will become | the penile urethra.
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| The pelvic urethra in females will become | the membranous urethra
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| in females, the definitive urogenital sinus will become | the vestibule of the vagina.
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| While the cloaca is being divided, the distal mesonephric ducts and the attached ureteric ducts are incorportated into the | posterior wall of the presumptive bladder by exstrophy
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| what type of tissue is associated with the hidgut formig the sooth musce of the bladder wall in week 12 | Splanchnopleuric mesoderm
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| The triangular area of exstrophied ducts becomes | the trigone of the bladder
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| what form primitive sex cords? | Cells of the mesonephros and coelomic epithelium invade the mesenchyme to form them
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| The paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts begin to form during week | six
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| . In both males and females there are gonads composed of | germ cells and primitive sex cords, mesonephric ducts, and paramesonephric ducts.
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| The paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts begin to form during week 6 by invagination of | a ribbon of coelomic epithelium from T3 to the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus.
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| Male development is triggered by the presence of | a sex-determining region of the Y chromosome
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| . SRY protein induces | medullary cells of the gonad to form testis or medullary cords.
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| In the fourth month, the testis cords are continuous with | the rete testis.
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| Testis cords are composed of | primitive germ cells and Sertoli cells
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| sertoli cells are derived from | surface of epithelium of the gland
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| Leydig cells derived from | the original mesenchyme of the gonad
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| testis cords at puberty form | seminiferous tubules.
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| what becomes the ductus deferens? | testis cords + rete testis + ductuli efferentes + mesonephric duct
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| do the paramesonephric ducts disappear? | yes
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| what triggers female development of the gonad | factors on the female sex chromosome
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| The medullary part of the gonad disappears and is replaced by | a vascular stroma.
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| The cortical cells form cortical cords which eventually form | oogonia surrounded by folliclar cells
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| do the mesonephric ducts dissapear in females | yes esentially.
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| what do the paramesonephric ducts form? | the oviducts and uterus and the upper vagina.
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| The sinuvaginal bulbs of the urogenital sinus become | lower portion of the vagina.
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| what does the hymen separate? | The lumen of the vagina and the urogenital sinus
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| explain formation of female external genitialia | the cloacal folds, develop on either side of the cloacal membrane. form a genital tubercle. folds divide into urogenital folds with the urogenital membrane and the anal folds with the anal membrane.New swellings, the genital or labioscrotal swellings, de
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| in what month does externa genitalia differentiate according to sex of individual | 4th Month
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| In the female, the urethral folds become | labia minora
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| in female, the genital tubercle becomes | clitoris
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| In female, the genital swellings will become | labia majora
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| In male, the urethral folds become | penile urethra,
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| In males, the genital tubercle becomes | the plallus
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| in males, genital swellings become | the scrotum
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| in the male, the gonads desend from | T10 level into scrotum via inguinal canal
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| when is the desent of testis completed by | 33 weeks
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| In the female, the ovary descends to | to level of the uterus
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| gubernaculum | A condensation of tissue under the serous peritoneal membrane in the fascia of both males and females
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| In the female, the gubernaculum forms | the round ligament of the uterus and the ligament of the ovary.
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| the gubernaculum in males | is attached to the gonad at one end and to the fascia of the abdominal muscles at the other, but extending to the scrotum in the male later.
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| The equivalent of the gill apparatus is referred to as | pharyngeal arches
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| Each embryonic pharyngeal arch is made up of: | 1. a mesodermal core
2. external ectodermal lining
3. internal endodermal lining
4. a central cartilaginous skeletal element
5. a striated muscle anlagen
6. a cranial nerve
7. an aortic arch artery
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| there are how many human pharyngeal arches that correspond to branchial arches 1,2,3,4 and 6 of ancient fishes? | 5
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| pharyngeal arches form in what sequence? | cranial to caudal
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| what do the differentiation of structures in the pharygeal arches depend on? | epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, FGF’s for outgrowth and sonic hedgehog (SHH) and WNT’s for patterning.
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| The first 3 arch cartilages are developed from | neural crest cells
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| cartilages of arches 4 and 6 are developed from | lateral plate mesoderm
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| are the bones derived from the cartilages endochondral? | yes, but some become encased in membrane bones
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| Pharyngeal Arch 1: develops as pairs of what kind of swellings? | maxillary and mandibular
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| upper and lower jaws derived from | maxillary swellings ; mandibular swellings
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| palatoquadrate bar | The central cartilage of the maxillary swelling
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| The central cartilage of the mandibular swelling is | Meckel's cartilage
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| The central or dorsal end of Meckel’s cartilage will become | the malleus and incus bones of the middle ear.
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| Membrane bones that form in the maxillary process are the | premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous part of the temporal bone.
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| The temporomandibular joint forms when? | 7th and 11th week. Method is unknown,
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| what is the cartilage of the Pharyngeal Arch 2 | Reichert’s cartilage
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| what does Reicharts cartilage produce? | the stapes of the middle ear, the styloid process, the stylohyoid ligament, and the lesser horns and upper rim of the hyoid bone.
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| The cartilages of Pharyngeal arch 3 form | the greater horns and lower rim of the hyoid bone.
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| formations from Pharyngeal Arches 4 and 6 | the thyroid, cuneiform, corniculate, arytenoid, and cricoid cartilages of the larynx are formed from these arches.
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| Epiglottis is formed from where? | controversial. Some say Arch 4, others say mesoderm from elsewhere
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| Muscles that form in each arch come either from | paraxial mesoderm, somitomeres, or occipital somites.
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| Arch 1- produces | the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, the tensor tympani, and the tensor veli palatini.
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| Arch 1 is innervated by | CN V
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| Arch 2 produces | muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, the tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini
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| arch 2 is innervated by | CN VII
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| Arch 3 produces | stylopharyngeus
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| Arch 3 is innervated by | CN IX
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| Arch 4-6 produce | the constrictor muscles of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx, the cricothyroid and the levator veli palatini
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| Arch 4-6 innervated by | CN XX
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| Pharyngeoal clefts are external grooves on the surface of the ____________. They are lined by __________ | Pharnyx, ectoderm
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| Cleft 1 becomes | external acoustic meatus
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| Reduplication of cleft 1 after it's obiliteration can produce what abnormalities? | first cleft sinus or cervical aural fistula
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| how many pharyngeal pouches do humans have as embryos? | 5 (the 6th is usually consider part of the 4th by most)
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| Pouch 1 function | forms tubotympanic recess, which becomes tympanic cavity of middle ear and auditory (eustachian) tube
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| Pouch 2 function | origin of palatine tonsil
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| Pouch 3 Function | thymus formation. Dorsal prolongations give rise to parathyroid glands
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| Pouch 4 Function | Dorsally, form superior parathyroid gland
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| why is Pouch 5 questionable ? | some consider it it's pwn pouch while others think it;s part of the 4th pouch
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| what will Pouch 5 form? | ultimobranchial bodies which attach to developing thyroid gland forming the parafollicular (C cells) of the thyroid. They secrete Calcitonin.
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| what produces parotid gland | invagination of ectoderm between maxillary and mandibular swellings
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| sublingual glands are formed from what? | endodermal lining of floor of oral cavity and paraliongual sulci
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| The face develops from how many swellings? | 5
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| when is the face created? | between 4-10 weeks
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| name the swellings of the face | unpaired frontonasal prominance, 2 maxillary prominances, and 2 mandibular prominances
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| a pair of nasal placodes appear where? | on frontonasal prominance
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| what forms the nasal pit? | ectoderm at center of placode
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| the nasal pit separates | medial and lateral nasal prominances
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| what separates the lateral nasal prominance from the maxillary prominance | nasolacrimal groove
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| what forms nasolactrimal duct? | endoderm at floor of nasolacrimal groove invaginating.
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| what forms the bridge and septum of the nose? | the two medial nasal processes migrating together
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| The inferior tips of the medial nasal prominences form an intermaxillary segment which becomes | the philtrum of the upper lip
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| when does the buccopharyngeal membrane rupture? | day 24
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| what forms the palate? | mostly: two palatine shelves that grow out from the maxillary prominences. But some by The intermaxillary segment
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| what form nasal cavities? | nasal pits
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| . Paranasal air sinuses develop mostly after birth or before birth? | after .
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| Maxillary sinuses appear | in 3rd month. Small at birth grow during childhood
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| Ethmoid sinuses- appear | in the 5th month and complete their growth at puberty
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| Sphenoid sinuses- appear | in the 5th postnatal month.
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| Frontal sinuses- appear | at age 5 or 6 and increase in size throughout adolescence.
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| The tongue develops as swellings of which arch? | first
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| what forms the anterior 2/3 of tongue? | lateral lingual swellings overgrowing midline (tuberculum impar)
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| What forms the midline swelling (copula) of the tongue? | arch 2
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| the copula is overgrown by two swellings from which arch? What are those swellings called? | 3 and 4; hypopharyngeal eminance
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| what gives rise to posterior 1/3 of tongue? | hypopharyngeal eminance
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| what marks the border between the 1/3 and 2/3 of tongue? | terminal sulcas of adult tongue.
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| foraman cecum | small depression in midline of terminal sulcus
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| where is the origin of the thyroid gland? | foraman cecum
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| All the muscles of the tongue, except the palatoglossus, are formed from ________ and are Innervated by ________ | mesoderm of occipital somites; CN XII
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| palatoglossus is innervated by | CN X
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| The sensory innervation of the tongue is | anterior 2/3 by CN V3 and the posterior 1/3 by CN IX.
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| . A small part of the posterior 1/3 of tongue derived from arch 4 is innervated by | CN X’s superior laryngeal branch.
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| what develops late in week 4 as a mass of endoderm that grows at the apex of the foramen cecum. | thyroid gland
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| the thyroid reaches its adult position by week | 7
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| The thyroid gland begins to function as early as | 10th to 12th week
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| T or F? . The thyroglossal duct may persist and produce a thyroglossal duct cyst. | True
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