for final exam

Question	Answer
The gut is suspended from the _______ wall of the ___________ by ________________	posterior; peritoneal cavity; dorsal mesentary
The ventral mesentary is formed by thinning of what?	Caudal part of septum tranversum
how does the gut tube communicate with the yolk sac?	vitallene duct
What makes up the foregut (regions)	pharynx; thoracic esophagus; abdominal esophagus; stomach; superior half of duodenum
what makes up the midgut? (regions)	inferior half of duodedum; jejunum; illeu; cecum; appendix; ascending colon; right 2/3 transverse colon
What makes up the hindgut? (regions)	left 1/3 of transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum
What accessory organs are derived from foregut?	pharyngeal pouch derivitives; lungs; liver parenchyma ad hepatic duct epithelium; gallbladder; lungs; livr parenchyma and hepatic duct epithelium; gallbladder, cystic and common bile duct; exocrine pancreatic cells, pancreatic duct epi &pancreatic endocri
Accessory organs derived from hindgut endoderm	urogenital and derivitives
what day does stomach begin to elongate?	day 26
what day does stomach develop fusiform shape?	day 28
what happens to stomach in week 5	dorsal wal grows faster than the ventral wall, producing a greater and lesser curvature
what happens to stomach in weeks 7-8?	rotates 90 degees clockwise to that greater curvaure lies to the left, Changes left vagal trunk to anterior and rt vagal tunk to posterior.
the stomach ALSO rotates slightly around the	ventrodorsal axis
how is the lesser sac of pertonieal cavity of stomach created?	by rotation into C shape, pressing against posterior body wall.
greater omentum	a large suspended fold of mesogastrium
during fetal life, what folds of the stomach fuse? what does this obilterate?	anterior and posterior folds of the greater omentum. Oblierates lowe recess,
what becomes the hepatic diverticulum?	endodermal thickening of ventral duodenum on right side of stomach.
where does hepatic diverticulum lie and what does it give rise to	lies in relation to the inferior region of the septum transversum.gives rise to liver cords, bile canaliculi, and hepatic ducts of the liver.
stroma of the liver is derived from	splanchnopleuric mesoderm
what forms liver sinusoids?	Epithelial liver cords intermingle with the vitelline and umbilical veins in this region
The mesoderm of the septum transversum between the liver and the foregut and the liver and the abdominal wall becomes membranous, forming the	lesser omentum and falciform ligament
what structures form the ventral mesogastrium?	lesser omentum and falciform ligament
area of the liver not covered by peritoneum is called	bare area of the liver
what becomes the bile duct?	connection between liver and gut.
what becomes the gallbladder and cystic duct?	ventral outgrowth of the bile duct
pancreas is formed by	dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds.
when do the two buds fuse to form pancreas	late wk 6
what does dorsal bud of pancreas become	head, body and tail,
what does ventral bud of pancreas become?	uncinate process
what does the dorsal mesogastrium form in week 5	Spleen
rotation of the dorsal mesogastrium creates the ________ between the dorsal body wall and the spleen	splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament
what is the dorsal mesogastrium called when between the stomach and spleen	gastrosplenic ligament
what is the spleen involved in in the early stages?	hemoatopoiesis (blood formation)
the midgut forms a dorsoventral hairpin fold in the 5th week. What is it called?	primary intestinal loop
the cranial limb f the interstinal loop consists mostly of	ileum
caudal limb of intestinal loop is what?	transverse colon.
what forces the midgut loop to herniate into the umbilicus?	elongation and expansion of abdominal organs.
in the 10th week, what happens to midgut?	retracts into abdomen, rotates counter clock.
what happens to ascending and descending colon in 10-11 week	becomes seondary retoperitoneal.
what remains intraperitoneal in midgut	transverse colon
what fuses to form urorectal septum?	superior Tourneaux fold and two lateral Rathke folds from cloaca
what process separates the posterior anorectal canal and the anterior urogenital sinus.	urorectal septum
when does the endodermal epithelium in the gut proliferates and completely occludes the lumen of the gut	week 6
what develops into submuscosa and smooth muscle of gut tube?	mesoderm surrounding endodermal tube
What Arise from the intermediate mesoderm	nephric structure, portions of the gonads, male gential duct system
what neprhic structures will develop in cranial to caudal sequence?	cervical nephrotomes, mesonephroi, metanephroi (definitive kidneys)
no more than how many mesonephric tubules are present at any one time?	30
the nephric elements consist of	Bowmans Capsule and Mesonephric tubule, Glomerulus, medonephric duct
what is Glomerulus?	a knot of capillaries on branches sprouting from the dorsal aorta
what does mesonephric tubules fuse with	mesonephric ducts
what week do the mesonephric tubules stop working and regress?	week 10, mostly. But some remains in males to become some of genetal duct system
what has ureteric buds sprout from the distal mesonephric ducts on day 28 and push into the sacral intermediate mesoderm (the metanephric blastema)	metanephroi
the uteric bud forms	ureters and collecting ducts
the metanephric blastema forms	nephrons
what week do the metanephroi begin to function?	week 10
what is the fetal kidneys prinicpal function	supplement the amniotic fluid
what is the placenta responsible for?	for clearing waste products from the blood.
The definitive renal architecture is created when?	between weeks 5-15
The “ascent” of the kidneys begins when	weeks 6-9
what abnormalitie can occur with the ascending of the kidneys?	"pelvic kidney", "horseshoe kidney"
After division of the cloaca, the anteriorly-located primitive urogenital sinus can be divided into:	1. presumptive bladder 2. narrow neck called pelvic urethra 3. defintive urogenital sinus
The pelvic urethra in males will become	the membranous and prostatic urethra
in males, the definitive urogenital sinus will become	the penile urethra.
The pelvic urethra in females will become	the membranous urethra
in females, the definitive urogenital sinus will become	the vestibule of the vagina.
While the cloaca is being divided, the distal mesonephric ducts and the attached ureteric ducts are incorportated into the	posterior wall of the presumptive bladder by exstrophy
what type of tissue is associated with the hidgut formig the sooth musce of the bladder wall in week 12	Splanchnopleuric mesoderm
The triangular area of exstrophied ducts becomes	the trigone of the bladder
what form primitive sex cords?	Cells of the mesonephros and coelomic epithelium invade the mesenchyme to form them
The paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts begin to form during week	six
. In both males and females there are gonads composed of	germ cells and primitive sex cords, mesonephric ducts, and paramesonephric ducts.
The paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts begin to form during week 6 by invagination of	a ribbon of coelomic epithelium from T3 to the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus.
Male development is triggered by the presence of	a sex-determining region of the Y chromosome
. SRY protein induces	medullary cells of the gonad to form testis or medullary cords.
In the fourth month, the testis cords are continuous with	the rete testis.
Testis cords are composed of	primitive germ cells and Sertoli cells
sertoli cells are derived from	surface of epithelium of the gland
Leydig cells derived from	the original mesenchyme of the gonad
testis cords at puberty form	seminiferous tubules.
what becomes the ductus deferens?	testis cords + rete testis + ductuli efferentes + mesonephric duct
do the paramesonephric ducts disappear?	yes
what triggers female development of the gonad	factors on the female sex chromosome
The medullary part of the gonad disappears and is replaced by	a vascular stroma.
The cortical cells form cortical cords which eventually form	oogonia surrounded by folliclar cells
do the mesonephric ducts dissapear in females	yes esentially.
what do the paramesonephric ducts form?	the oviducts and uterus and the upper vagina.
The sinuvaginal bulbs of the urogenital sinus become	lower portion of the vagina.
what does the hymen separate?	The lumen of the vagina and the urogenital sinus
explain formation of female external genitialia	the cloacal folds, develop on either side of the cloacal membrane. form a genital tubercle. folds divide into urogenital folds with the urogenital membrane and the anal folds with the anal membrane.New swellings, the genital or labioscrotal swellings, de
in what month does externa genitalia differentiate according to sex of individual	4th Month
In the female, the urethral folds become	labia minora
in female, the genital tubercle becomes	clitoris
In female, the genital swellings will become	labia majora
In male, the urethral folds become	penile urethra,
In males, the genital tubercle becomes	the plallus
in males, genital swellings become	the scrotum
in the male, the gonads desend from	T10 level into scrotum via inguinal canal
when is the desent of testis completed by	33 weeks
In the female, the ovary descends to	to level of the uterus
gubernaculum	A condensation of tissue under the serous peritoneal membrane in the fascia of both males and females
In the female, the gubernaculum forms	the round ligament of the uterus and the ligament of the ovary.
the gubernaculum in males	is attached to the gonad at one end and to the fascia of the abdominal muscles at the other, but extending to the scrotum in the male later.
The equivalent of the gill apparatus is referred to as	pharyngeal arches
Each embryonic pharyngeal arch is made up of:	1. a mesodermal core 2. external ectodermal lining 3. internal endodermal lining 4. a central cartilaginous skeletal element 5. a striated muscle anlagen 6. a cranial nerve 7. an aortic arch artery
there are how many human pharyngeal arches that correspond to branchial arches 1,2,3,4 and 6 of ancient fishes?	5
pharyngeal arches form in what sequence?	cranial to caudal
what do the differentiation of structures in the pharygeal arches depend on?	epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, FGF’s for outgrowth and sonic hedgehog (SHH) and WNT’s for patterning.
The first 3 arch cartilages are developed from	neural crest cells
cartilages of arches 4 and 6 are developed from	lateral plate mesoderm
are the bones derived from the cartilages endochondral?	yes, but some become encased in membrane bones
Pharyngeal Arch 1: develops as pairs of what kind of swellings?	maxillary and mandibular
upper and lower jaws derived from	maxillary swellings ; mandibular swellings
palatoquadrate bar	The central cartilage of the maxillary swelling
The central cartilage of the mandibular swelling is	Meckel's cartilage
The central or dorsal end of Meckel’s cartilage will become	the malleus and incus bones of the middle ear.
Membrane bones that form in the maxillary process are the	premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous part of the temporal bone.
The temporomandibular joint forms when?	7th and 11th week. Method is unknown,
what is the cartilage of the Pharyngeal Arch 2	Reichert’s cartilage
what does Reicharts cartilage produce?	the stapes of the middle ear, the styloid process, the stylohyoid ligament, and the lesser horns and upper rim of the hyoid bone.
The cartilages of Pharyngeal arch 3 form	the greater horns and lower rim of the hyoid bone.
formations from Pharyngeal Arches 4 and 6	the thyroid, cuneiform, corniculate, arytenoid, and cricoid cartilages of the larynx are formed from these arches.
Epiglottis is formed from where?	controversial. Some say Arch 4, others say mesoderm from elsewhere
Muscles that form in each arch come either from	paraxial mesoderm, somitomeres, or occipital somites.
Arch 1- produces	the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, the tensor tympani, and the tensor veli palatini.
Arch 1 is innervated by	CN V
Arch 2 produces	muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, the tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini
arch 2 is innervated by	CN VII
Arch 3 produces	stylopharyngeus
Arch 3 is innervated by	CN IX
Arch 4-6 produce	the constrictor muscles of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx, the cricothyroid and the levator veli palatini
Arch 4-6 innervated by	CN XX
Pharyngeoal clefts are external grooves on the surface of the ____________. They are lined by __________	Pharnyx, ectoderm
Cleft 1 becomes	external acoustic meatus
Reduplication of cleft 1 after it's obiliteration can produce what abnormalities?	first cleft sinus or cervical aural fistula
how many pharyngeal pouches do humans have as embryos?	5 (the 6th is usually consider part of the 4th by most)
Pouch 1 function	forms tubotympanic recess, which becomes tympanic cavity of middle ear and auditory (eustachian) tube
Pouch 2 function	origin of palatine tonsil
Pouch 3 Function	thymus formation. Dorsal prolongations give rise to parathyroid glands
Pouch 4 Function	Dorsally, form superior parathyroid gland
why is Pouch 5 questionable ?	some consider it it's pwn pouch while others think it;s part of the 4th pouch
what will Pouch 5 form?	ultimobranchial bodies which attach to developing thyroid gland forming the parafollicular (C cells) of the thyroid. They secrete Calcitonin.
what produces parotid gland	invagination of ectoderm between maxillary and mandibular swellings
sublingual glands are formed from what?	endodermal lining of floor of oral cavity and paraliongual sulci
The face develops from how many swellings?	5
when is the face created?	between 4-10 weeks
name the swellings of the face	unpaired frontonasal prominance, 2 maxillary prominances, and 2 mandibular prominances
a pair of nasal placodes appear where?	on frontonasal prominance
what forms the nasal pit?	ectoderm at center of placode
the nasal pit separates	medial and lateral nasal prominances
what separates the lateral nasal prominance from the maxillary prominance	nasolacrimal groove
what forms nasolactrimal duct?	endoderm at floor of nasolacrimal groove invaginating.
what forms the bridge and septum of the nose?	the two medial nasal processes migrating together
The inferior tips of the medial nasal prominences form an intermaxillary segment which becomes	the philtrum of the upper lip
when does the buccopharyngeal membrane rupture?	day 24
what forms the palate?	mostly: two palatine shelves that grow out from the maxillary prominences. But some by The intermaxillary segment
what form nasal cavities?	nasal pits
. Paranasal air sinuses develop mostly after birth or before birth?	after .
Maxillary sinuses appear	in 3rd month. Small at birth grow during childhood
Ethmoid sinuses- appear	in the 5th month and complete their growth at puberty
Sphenoid sinuses- appear	in the 5th postnatal month.
Frontal sinuses- appear	at age 5 or 6 and increase in size throughout adolescence.
The tongue develops as swellings of which arch?	first
what forms the anterior 2/3 of tongue?	lateral lingual swellings overgrowing midline (tuberculum impar)
What forms the midline swelling (copula) of the tongue?	arch 2
the copula is overgrown by two swellings from which arch? What are those swellings called?	3 and 4; hypopharyngeal eminance
what gives rise to posterior 1/3 of tongue?	hypopharyngeal eminance
what marks the border between the 1/3 and 2/3 of tongue?	terminal sulcas of adult tongue.
foraman cecum	small depression in midline of terminal sulcus
where is the origin of the thyroid gland?	foraman cecum
All the muscles of the tongue, except the palatoglossus, are formed from ________ and are Innervated by ________	mesoderm of occipital somites; CN XII
palatoglossus is innervated by	CN X
The sensory innervation of the tongue is	anterior 2/3 by CN V3 and the posterior 1/3 by CN IX.
. A small part of the posterior 1/3 of tongue derived from arch 4 is innervated by	CN X’s superior laryngeal branch.
what develops late in week 4 as a mass of endoderm that grows at the apex of the foramen cecum.	thyroid gland
the thyroid reaches its adult position by week	7
The thyroid gland begins to function as early as	10th to 12th week
T or F? . The thyroglossal duct may persist and produce a thyroglossal duct cyst.	True

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