Medical Terminology Chapter 11-Respiratory
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| Respiratory System is divided into | upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
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| *Upper respiratory tract consists of | nose,pharynx and larynx
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| *Lower respiratory tract consists of | trachea, bronchi and lungs
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| Physical exam methods of respiratory system | inspection,palpation,auscultation,percussion
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| Common repiratory signs and symptoms | apnea, bradypnea, dysphonia, epistaxis, expectoration(hemoptysis), hypoxemia, hypoxia, orthopnea, rhinorrhea, tachypnea
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| Identify the pathway of air as it travels from the nose to the capillaries of the lungs | nose>nasal cavity>paranasal sinuses>pharynx(naso-, oro-, laryngo-pharynx)>larynx>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli
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| 2 respirations of the respiratory system | external respiration and internal respiration
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| Adenoids | lymphatic tissue forming a prominence on the wall of the recess of the nasopharynx
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| Alveoli | air cells of the lungs;known as thepulmonary parenchyma (functional unit of the lungs)
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| Apex of lungs | the upper portion of the lung, rising about 2.5 to 5cm above the collarbone
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| Base of lung | lowest part of the lung, resting on the diaphragm
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| Bronchi | the 2 main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs, providing the passageway for air movement.
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| Bronchiole | one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes.
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| Capillaries | any of the tiny blood vessels
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| Diaphragm | the musculomembranous wall separating the abdomen from the thoracic cavity.
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| Epiglottis | a thin leaf-shaped structure located immediately posterior to the root of the tongue;covers the entrance of the larynx when the individual swallows
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| Glottis | the sound-producing apparatus of the larynx consisting of the two vocal folds and the intervening space
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| Laryngalgia | pain in the larynx
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| Laryngopharynx | lower portion of the pharynx that extends from the vestibule of the larynx(the portion just above the vocal cords) to the lowermost cartilage of the larynx.
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| Mediastinum | the mass of organs and tissues separating the lungs. It contains the heart,aorta,trachea,esophagus, and bronchi.
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| Nares | external nostrils
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| Nasopharynx | part of the pharynx located above the soft palate (postnasal space)
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| Oropharynx | central portion of the pharynx lying between the soft palate and upper portion of the epiglottis
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| Palatine tonsils | Lymphatic tissue located in the depression of the mucous membrane of fauces(the contricted opening leading from the mouth and the oral pharynx) and the pharynx.
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| Paranasal sinuses | hollow areas or cavities within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.
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| Parietal pleura | portion of the pleura that is closest to the ribs.
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| *Pharynx | passageway for air from nasal cavity to larynx and food from mouth to esophagus. Serves both the respiratory and digestive systems;the throat.
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| Phrenic nerve | the nerve known as the motor nerve to the diaphragm.
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| Pleura | the double-folded membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
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| Pleural space | the space that separates the visceral and parietal pleurae, which contains a small amount of lfluid that acts as a lubricant to the pleural surfaces during respiration.
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| Pulmonary parenchyma | the functional units of the lungs (for example, the alveoli) which have very thin walls that allow for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
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| Septum | a wall dividing two cavities.
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| Thorax | the chest; that part of the body between the base of the neck and the diaphragm.
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| *Trachea | a cylinder-shaped tube lined with rings of cartilage (to keep it open) that is 4.5 inches long, from the larynx to the bronchial tubes; the windpipe.
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| Visceral pleura | portion of the pleura that is closest to the internal organs.
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| Alveol/o | alveolus
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| Bronch/o | bronchus
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| Bronchiol/o | bronchus
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| Epiglott/o | epiglottis
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| Laryng/o | larynx
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| Nas/o | nose
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| *Orth/o | straight
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| *Pector/o | chest
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| Pharyng/o | pharynx
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| Phren/o | mind;also refers to the diaphragm
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| Pleur/o | pleura
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| Pne/o | breathing
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| Pneum/o | lungs;air
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| *Pneumon/o | lungs;air
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| Pulmon/o | lungs
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| *Rhin/o | nose
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| -scope | an instrument used to view
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| sinus/o | sinus
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| thor/a | chest
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| *thorac/o | chest
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| trache/o | trachea
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| *apnea | temp cessation of breating;”without breathing”
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| *bradypnea | abnormally slow breathing
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| *cough | non-productive;dry cough and productive;wet cough
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| cyanosis | slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark discoloration of the skin due to presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
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| *dysphonia | difficulty in speaking; hoarseness
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| dyspnea | air hunger; labored or difficult breathing
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| *epistaxis | hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed
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| *expectoration | the act of spitting out saliva or coughing up materials from the air passageways leading to the lungs.
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| *Hemoptysis | expectoration of blood arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs.
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| Hypercapnia | increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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| *Hypoxemia | insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood.
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| *Hypoxia | deficiency of oxygen.
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| Kussmaul respirations | very deep, gasping type of respiration associated with severe diabetic acidosis
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| *Orthopnea | respiratory condition in which there is discomfort in breathing in any but erect, sitting, or standing position.
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| Pleural rub | friction rub caused by inflammation of the pleural space.
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| Rales | an abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the chest, produced by passage of air through bronchi that contain secretion or exudate or that are constricted by spasm or a thickening of their walls, also known as crackle.
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| *Rhinorrhea | is thin, watery discharge from the nose
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| Rhonchi | Rales or rattlings in the throat, especially when it resembles snoring
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| Stridor | Harsh sound during respiration,,High pitched and resembling the blowing of wind, due to obstruction of air passages
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| *Tachypnea | Abnormal rapidity of breathing
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| Wheeze | Whistling sound or sighing sound resulting from narrowing of the lumen of a respiratory Passageway
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| Coryza | Inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes,Also known as the “common cold”
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| Laryngitis | Inflammation of the larynx, usually resulting in hoarseness, cough, and difficulty swallowing
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| Pharyngitis | Inflammation of the pharynx, usually resulting in sore throat
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| *Rhinitis | Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose (upper respiratory)
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| Sinusitis | Inflammation of a sinus, especially a paranasal sinus
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| Tonsillitis | Inflammation of the palatine tonsils: tonsils appear enlarged and red with yellowish exudate
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| Asthma | Paroxysmal dyspnea accompanied by wheezing caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane
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| *Bronchiectasis | Chronic dilatation of a bronchus or bronchi, with secondary infection that usually involves the lower portion of the lung, Bronchial walls may become permanently distended by severe coughing(lower respiratory)
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| *Bronchitis | Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes
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| Acute Bronchitis | Causes are viral infection, bacterial infection, and airborne irritants
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| *Chronic Bronchitis | Primarily associated with cigarette smoking or exposure to pollution
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| *know the difference between bronchitis and bronchiectasis | (see each definition)
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| *Emphysema | Chronic pulmonary disease characterized by increase beyond the normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, either from dilation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls
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| Empyema | Pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity,Usually the result of a primary infection in the lungs
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| Influenza | Highly contagious viral infection,Transmitted by airborne droplets,Symptoms include sore throat, cough, fever, muscular pain, generalized weakness
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| Lung Abscess | A localized collection of pus formed by the destruction of lung tissue and microorganisms by white blood cells,Usually produces pneumonia-like symptoms
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| Pleural Effusion | Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, resulting in compression of the underlying portion of the lung, with resultant dyspnea,Usually secondary to some other disease
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| Pleuritis (Pleurisy) | Inflammation of both the visceral and parietal pleura
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| Pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, and chemical irritants
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| Pneumothorax | Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity,Air enters as the result of a perforation through the chest wall or the pleura covering the lung
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| Pulmonary Edema | Swelling of the lungs caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, either in the alveoli or the interstitial spaces
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| *Pulmonary Embolism | Obstruction of one or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus that dislodges from another location and is carried to the vessels of the lung
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| Pulmonary Heart Disease(cor pulmonale) | Hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disorders of the lungs, pulmonary vessels, or chest wall, Heart failure resulting from pulmonary disease
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| Tuberculosis | Infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and characterized by Inflammatory infiltrations, formation of tubercles, and caseous (cheeselike) necrosis in the tissues of the lungs
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| Anthracosis | Accumulation of carbon deposits in the lungs due to breathing smoke or coal dust,Also known as black lung disease or coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
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| Asbestosis | Lung disease resulting from inhalation of asbestos particles
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| Byssinosis | A lung disease resulting from inhalation of cotton, flax, and hemp,Also known as brown lung disease
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| Silicosis | Lung disease resulting from inhalation of silica (quartz) dust,Small nodules form in the lungs
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| Bronchoscopy | Examination of interior of bronchi using a lighted, flexible bronchoscope (or endoscope)
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| Laryngoscopy | Examination of interior of the larynx using a lighted, flexible tube known as a laryngoscope (or endoscope)
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| Lung scan | Visual imaging of the distribution of ventilation or blood flow in the lungs after administration of radioactive material
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| Pulmonary function tests | Variety of tests performed to assess respiratory function
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| Sputum specimen | A specimen of material expectorated from the mouth, which may contain material from the throat and bronchi
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| Thoracentesis | Procedure that involves the use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis, or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space
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| Tonsillectomy | Surgical removal of the palatine tonsils
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| Tuberculin skin test (TST) | Used to determine past or present tuberculosis infection in the body,Based on positive skin reaction to the introduction of a purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tubercle bacilli
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| *ABGs | arterial blood gases
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| AFB | acid-fast bacilli
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| AP | anteroposterior(meaning “from the front to the back”)
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| ARD | acute respiratory disease (or distress)
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| ARDS | adult respiratory distress syndrome
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| ARF | acute respiratory failure
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| CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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| CO2 | carbon dioxide
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| *COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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| *CXR | chest x-ray
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| DPT | diphtheria, pertussis(whooping cough), and tentanus immunization
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| IPPB | intermittent positive pressure breathing
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| LLL | left lower lobe (of lung)
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| *LUL | left upper lobe (of lung)
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| O2 | oxygen
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| PA | posteroanterior meaning “from the back to the front”
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| PaCO2 | partial pressure of carbon dioxide dissolved in blood
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| PaO2 | partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in the blood
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| PCP | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
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| PFTs | pulmonary function test(s)
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| PPD | purified protein derivative; substance used in intradermal test for tuberculosis; now called TST
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| R | respiration
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| RDS | respiratory distress syndrome
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| RLL | right lower lobe (of the lung)
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| RML | right middle lobe (of the lung)
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| RUL | right upper lobe (of the lung)
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| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome
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| *SOB | shortness of breath
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| *T&A | onsillectomy and adenoidectomy
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| TB | tuberculosis
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| TPR | temperature, pulse, and respiration
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| TST | tuberculin skin test
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| URI | upper respiratory infection
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| *3 major functions of the resiratory system | exchange of gases between body and air,provides oxygen for the body cells for energy, removes carbon dioxide (wastes) from the body
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| *difference between larynx, pharynx and trachea | (see definitions)
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| *difference between external and internal respiration | (see definitions)
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| *COPD/chronic bronchitis connection | Chronic bronchitis leads to scarring of lining of bronchial tubes.Over time, the lining of the bronchial tubes becomes thickened, an irritating cough develops, and air flow affected, lungs become scarred. This and pulmonary emphysema are COPD.
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