behavioral disorders for bio psych
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| Acute conditions | conditions having a sudden onset and a strong possibility of ending quickly
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| Antipsychotic | drug that relieves schizophrenia
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| Atypical antidepressants | miscellaneous group of drugs with antidepressant effects but only mild side effects
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| Bipolar disorder | condition in which a person alternates between the two poles of mania and depression
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| Bipolar I disorder | condition including full-blown episodes of mania
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| Bipolar II disorder | condition with only mild manic phases, characterized mostly by agitation or anxiety
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| Butyrophenones | class of antipsychotic drugs that includes haloperidol
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| Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) | first drug found to relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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| Chronic conditions | conditions having a gradual onset and long duration
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| Concordance | pair of twins is concordant for a trait if both of them have it or if neither has it
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| Delusions | beliefs that other people regard as unfounded, such as the belief that one is being severely persecuted
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| Differential diagnosis | identification of a condition as distinct from all similar conditions
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| Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia | proposal that schizophrenia is due to excess activity at certain dopamine synapses
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| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | electrically inducing a convulsion in an attempt to relieve depression or other disorder
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| Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia | proposal that schizophrenia is due to deficient activity at certain glutamate synapses
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| Hallucination | sensory experience that does not correspond to reality
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| Lithium | element whose salts are often used as a therapy for bipolar disorder
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| Major depression | state of feeling sad, helpless, and lacking in energy and pleasure for weeks at a time
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| Mania | condition of restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confi dence, and few inhibitions
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| Mesolimbocortical system | set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system
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| Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) | drug that blocks the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), a presynaptic terminal enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms
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| Negative symptom | absence of a behavior ordinarily seen in normal people (e.g., lack of emotional expression)
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| Neurodevelopmental hypothesis | proposal that schizophrenia is based on abnormalities in the prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous system, which lead to subtle but important abnormalities of brain anatomy and major abnormalities in behavior
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| Phencyclidine (PCP) | drug that inhibits type NMDA glutamate receptors; at low doses, produces intoxication and slurred speech, and at higher doses, produces both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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| Phenothiazines | class of antipsychotic drugs that includes chlorpromazine
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| Positive symptom | presence of a behavior not seen in normal people
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| Postpartum depression | depression after giving birth
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| Schizophrenia | disorder characterized both by a deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and by some combination of hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, movement disorder, and inappropriate emotional expressions
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| Season-of-birth effect | tendency for people born in winter to have a greater probability of developing schizophrenia than people born in other seasons
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| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | period of depression that recurs seasonally, such as in winter
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| Second-generation antipsychotics | drugs that alleviate schizophrenia without serious risk of producing movement disorders
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| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) | drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic terminal
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| Substance-induced psychotic disorder | condition that includes hallucinations and delusions, provoked by large, repeated doses of a drug
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| Tardive dyskinesia | side effect of neuroleptic drugs characterized by tremors and other involuntary movements
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| Tricyclic | drug that prevents the presynaptic neuron that releases serotonin or catecholamine molecules from reabsorbing them
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| Unipolar depression | mood disorder with only one extreme (or pole), generally depression
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