Animal Science
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| What are some different classes of feedstuffs | forages, concentrates, liquid feeds
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| What are some of examples of forages? | grasses, legumes, silage/hay, crop residues(roughages)
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| What are some examples of concentrates? | energy feeds, protein feeds
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| What are nutritional concerns with forages? | cause and symptoms of fescue toxicosis; pasture bloat
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| What is the trend for U.S. Milk Production | milk production increasing
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| How many days before would you "dry" a cow | 60 days
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| When are newborn calves given colostrum? | within 6 hours of life
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| How long is a cow's gestation in a dairy herd? | 283 days
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| What is the typical growing daily gain for newborn calves? | 40-70 kg
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| For milk replacers used in pre-weaned calves, what does a 28:20 milk replacer indicate? | It indicates there is 28% protein to 20% fat on a DM basis
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| What does a 20:20 milk replacer indicate? | It indicates there is 20% protein to 20% fat on a DM basis
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| What is a calf starter as it relates to pre-weaned calves? | it contains high energy and 18-22% CP
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| When is good quality hay given to calves | after 60 days of age or after weaning
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| What is a good rule to follow when changing feed diets for post-weaned calves | whenever you are changing feed diets, keep one ingredient in the feed the same as the previous diet
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| What diet should replacement heifers be fed? | high forage diets
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| What are the requirements for dry cows (far-off)? | slow-down diet, high forage diets, small amount concentrates
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| Why is fiber in the diet good for ruminants? | it stimulates rumination and buffers pH in the rumen to prevent acidosis
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| What are the requirements for dry cows (close-up)? | transition diet should have 13-14% CP, 33-36% NDF, and <38% NFC
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| Why should legumes be avoided when feeding dry cows(close-up) | so that hypocalcemia does not occur
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| What are the nutrient requirements for lactating cows (fresh)? | low DM intake, >16% CP, 33-36% NDF, <38% NFC, and supplemental fat
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| What are the requirements for lactating cows in early lactation? | Higher DM intake than (fresh) lactation cows; ~16% CP, 28-30% NDF, and ~40% NFC, and supplemental fat
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| What are the requirements for lactating cows in late lactation? | 16% CP or less, 30-33% NDF
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| What are causes of acidosis? | low NDF, high NFC and starch, fermentability or starch, and management
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| What are signs of acidosis? | milk fat depression, manure, laminitis and hoof problems
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| What can be done to prevent acidosis? | giving physically effective fiber(stimulates chewing activity), increase dietary NDF, and buffers(sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide)
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| What can be done to prevent retained placenta? | giving antioxidants, such as selenium, vitamin E, and beta-carotene
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| What can be done to prevent hypocalcemia? | giving Ca supplements, stimulate Ca metabolism
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| What are sources of anionic salts? | Non-commercial products(HCl, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate) and commercial products
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| What does it mean if a cow is close up? | the cow is getting close to calving date
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| What does it mean if a cow is far off? | the cow is far from calving date
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| What are ways feed management is used to maximize production? | feed mixers, feed troughs
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| What must be on a feed tag? | net weight, product name and brand name, drugs, name and addresses of manufacturers or distributor
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| Guaranteed Analysis | Min % CP, equivalent protein from NPN(non-protein nitrogen), min % crude fat, max % crude fiber, and minerals
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| What 2 things determine nutrient supply? | nutrient intake(quantity of nutrients consumed), and type of feed given
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| What are factors that affect nutrient requirements? | body weight, stage of production, level of milk production, BCS, age, breed, and environment(mud, temp, wind speed)
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| How does poultry digestive tract differ from other monogastrics? | poultry have a crop(stores feed), gizzard(mechanical digestion), and proventriculus(chemical digestion)
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| How do nutrient requirements and dietary nutrient density differ by class of bird, age, and dry matter intake? | nutrient requirements differ in that as the bird matures, the requirements slightly decrease; however metabolizable energy still increases due to energy needed for maintenance; as feed intake inc, concentration dec since bigger birds consume more feed
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| How is gross energy system utilized by the poultry industry? | since chickens can't use digestible energy that well, the chicken's energy comes from metabolizable energy and net energy(since there's no excess loss from ME to net energy)
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| Primary feeds used by poultry industry | grains, oils, vitamins and minerals, byproduct meals(not produced for animal production but they're used by animal production)
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| Relative differences in feed efficiency in poultry industry | all diets are pelleted to increase feed efficiency; pellets are also crumbled so that smaller birds can eat feed; poultry have better feed conversion ratio(FCR) than livestock
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| Considerations for broiler nutrition | 4 to 7 weeks to market; 20 weeks to maturity; microflora not set until 10 days; enzyme production not maximized until 2 weeks
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| Considerations for layer nutrition | mature birds --> 18 to 110 weeks; can handle more complex diets; little growth; have very high Ca requirement for egg production(shell)
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| Considerations for turkey nutrition | faster initial growth than broilers; higher amino acid (protein) requirements; higher P and Ca requirements(Ca used in nervous syst for cell signaling and P used in ATP for energy)
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| Anti-nutritional concerns with soybean meal | soybean contains trypsin inhibitors(which inhibit trypsin) causing less egg production along with decreasing many other processes
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| What is the goal in beef nutrition? | To keep the beef herd on track
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| What feedstuffs are beef cow rations based on? | forages(pasture, corn silage, hays, crop residue)
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| How does utilization of available feedstuffs change during the year? | supplements are given to cows when forages are not growing as much and there is spring calving involved
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| How does profitability of feed delivery systems change with herd size? | TMR costs go down as the herd size grows so beef operation is more profitable
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| Body condition score | indicator of nutritional status; BCS of 5 and 6 is ideal
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| How are replacement heifers managed? | given forages, supplemental energy and protein, and minerals and vitamins free choice
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| How are feeder cattle managed? | fed to gain 0.5 - 1.5 lb/day; they go to feedlot at 600-750 lbs
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| Where is the bulk of the feedlot industry located? | Northern and South Plains
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| Considerations for different feedstuffs used | corn harvested at 25-30% moisture and stored in oxygen limiting environment; roughages are expensive to produce, there are feeding & storage losses, and little energy is gained
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| How is feedlot acidosis and pattern of feed intake related? |
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| Feed additives pros and cons | pros-->de-wormers can be administered in feed to prevent parasites and increases feed efficiency; con-->suppresses estrus
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| Antibiotics | Aureomycin, Terramycin, Tylan(tylosin)
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| Ionophores | causes cattle to consume smaller, more frequent meals, decreased variation in intake(reduced risk of bloat and reduces acute acidosis)
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| Implants | Estrogenic(increased growth hormone levels, appetite, and protein deposition);Androgenic(stimulate protein retention);help increase ADG and feed efficiency
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| How do nutrient requirements change throughout animal's life cycle? | newborns get nutrients from mother's milk; eats more drier, more varied less digestible diet after weaning; nutrient needs go down with age
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| types of feed processing | heat, mechanical, extracting, and pelleting
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| What is purpose of feed additives? | to enhance taste, appearance, texture, safety, and marketing
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| How to formulate diet | involves balancing the ration; matching chemical needs of animal with chemical content of food available
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| Who regulates feed processing? | FDA and AAFCO
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| Dog's life cycle nutrition | newborn puppies need colostrum from mother, then can get moist puppy food after 3-4 weeks, then puppies can eventually eat dry food; growing dogs need a lot of energy and protein
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| How do cats being nutritional carnivores make them different than other species? | they have a greater need for protein intake; they need more taurine(amino acid) than other animals
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| Life cycle nutrition for cats | kittens start out needing colostrum from mother; then they should be introduced to solid food mixed w/water ~4 weeks of age(kitten chow); metabolic rate inc as BW inc during female reproduction
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| Nutritional considerations for birds | don't feed fruits to birds; require high amount of protein(rapid bone growth); need a greater amount/BW of essential fatty acids
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| Special nutritional considerations of fish | since fish are ectotherms(same body temp as environment)they require less energy; require 30-40% protein in diets because of fast metabolism
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| Nutritional considerations of reptiles | reptiles can be susceptible to vitamin A deficiency; Ca and vitamin D3 deficiencies can cause metabolic bone disease; need a commercial mix w/ at least 30-40% protein
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| Swine gestation length | 114 days
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| Swine weaning age | 21 days
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| Swine slaughter age | ~5 months
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| How have volatile feed prices affected the swine industry? | has made it more costly to purchase feed because the cost of feedstuff doubled in the past decade
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| How do nutrient requirements and diet type change with the swine life cycle? | pre-weaning piglets need milk for 1-2 weeks and given creep feed(high in energy, protein, milk products),growing pigs need corn-soy diet with ~18% CP; finishing pigs need corn-soy diet with 14% CP
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