muscles eastham
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| The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force is | Contractility
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| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond a stimulus is | Excitability
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| The ability to be stretched is | Extensibility
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| Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched is | Elasticity
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| Muscles help produce heat essential for maintenance of normal | Body temperature
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| Epimysium | Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| Fascia | Is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium, it surrounded and sperates muscles
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| Muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | Muscle fasciculi
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| Fascicle are surrounded by loose connective tissue called | Perimysium
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| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called | Fibers
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| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called | Endomysium
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| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | Myofibrils
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| Myofibrils | Threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Myofibrils consist of two major kinds of protein fiber | Actin myofilaments
Myosin myofilaments
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| Action myofilaments | Thin myofilaments, resemble two minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| Mysoin myofilaments | Thick myofilaments, resemble bundlesbof minute golf clubs
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| Action and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | Sarcomeres
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| Sarcomeres are joined end to end to form the | Myofibril
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| The sarcomere is the basic structural and functional unity of the | Muscle
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| The arrangement of actin and mysoin give a | Banded appearance
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| Each side of the Z line is a light area called the | I band, consists of actin
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| A band extends the length of | Mysoin
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| In the center of each sarcomere is a light area called the | H zone
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| H zone only consists of | Mysoin
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| Mysoin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called | M line
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| The charge difference across the membrane is called | Resting membrane potential
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| Motor neurons | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Axons enter the muscle and | Branch
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| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms | Neuromuscular junction or synapse
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| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are | Motor unit
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| Many motor units form a | Single muscle
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| Neuromuscular junction | Formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane
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| The enlarged nerve terminal is | Presynaptic terminal
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| The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cells is | Synaptic cleft
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| The space between the presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber Is | Postsynaptic terminal
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains | Synaptic vesicles
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains synaptic vesicles that secreate a synaptic clet called | Acetylcholine
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| When an actin potential reaches the nerve terminal it causes the synaptic vesicles to | Realese acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
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| The acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft binds to receptor molecules in the | Muscle cell membrane
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| The combination of acetylcholine with its receptor causes an influx of sodium ions into the | Muscle fiber
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| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between neuron and muscle cell is | Rapidly broken down by an enzymes
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| Occurs as actin and mysoin myofilaments slide past one another causing sarcomeres | To shorten
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| When sarcomeres shorten it causes the | Muscle to shorten
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| The sliding of action myofilaments past mysoin myofilaments during contraction is called | Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction
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| Muscle twitch | A contraction of an entire muscle in response to as stimulus that causes the sctin potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until the stimulus reaches a level called | Threshold
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| Once the stimulus reaches the threshold level | Muscle fibers will contract maximally
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| Phenomenon is called | All or none response
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| Time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the | Lag phase
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| Time of contraction is the | Contraction phase
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| Time during the which the muscle relaxes is the | Relaxation phase
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| Tetany | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| The increase in number of motor units being actiaved is called | Recruitment
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Needed for energy for muscle contraction
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| ATP is prodeced in | The mitochondria
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| Shot lived and unstable | ATP
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| Degenerates to the more stable | ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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| When at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high energy molecule called | Creating phosphate
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| Anaerobic respiration | Without oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | With oxygen
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| Oxygen debt | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creating phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| Muscle fatigue | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| Two types of muscle contraction | Isometric
Istonic
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| Isometric | (Equal distance) length of the muscle does not change, but amount of tension increases during contraction process
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| Isotonic | (Equal tension) the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| Muscle tone | Refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| Fast-twitch fibers | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly, well adpated to perform anaerobic metabolism. Ex. White meat of chicken breast
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| Slow-twitch fibers | Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue, they are better suited for aerobic metabolism. Ex.dark meat legs of chicken
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| Attatcmen points of the muscle is connected to the bone by | A tendon
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| Origin(head) | The most stationary end of the muscle
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| Insertion | The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| The portion of the muscle between the orgin and the insertion is | The belly
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| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are | Synergists
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| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are | Antagonists
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| Amount a group of synergits, if onemuscke plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | It is the prime mover
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