*Luksa Review Sheet1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Globalization | force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.
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| Physical Geography | study of physical phenomena on Earth
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| Human Geography | study of human phenomena on Earth (language, religion, identity)
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| Spatial | Arrangement of places and phenomena, how they are laid out, organized, and arranged on Earth, and how they appear on the landscape.
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| spatial distribution | how something is laid out across space.
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| pattern | design of spatial distribution (how something is laid out across space.)
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| spatial perspective | looking at how things are laid out. Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space.
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| 5 Themes of Geography | location, human-environment, region, place, movement
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| location | the geographic position of people and things on the earth's surface and how they affect what happens and why.
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| human-environment | relationship among phenomena in individual places (including the relationship between humans and the physical world).
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| region | features that tend to be concentrated in particular areas (ex. U.S.: New England, Mid-West, East Coast, South, North...)
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| place | uniqueness of a location.
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| movement | mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet.
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| sense of place | infusing a place with meaing and emotion, but remembering important events that occurred in a place, or by labeling a place with a certain character. (Ex. feeling of "home".)
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| perceptions of places | developed ideas about places people have never been through books, movies, stories, and pictures. (NYC, Los Angeles, Paris, Alabama...)
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| spatial interaction | how things are laid how and how the people in those different places exchange ideas, goods, diseases,... or do not exchange ideas, goods, diseases...
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| distances | the measurement of physical spaces between to points or places.
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| accessibility | the ability for something to be gotten/achieved. the degress to which it is easily possible to get to a certain location from other locations. This varies and can be measured.
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| connectivity | how things come together or are linked between one location and another in a transport network.
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| landscape | a core element of geography that refers to the material character of a place, complexity of natural features, human structures, and other tangible objects that give a place a particular form.
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| cultural landscape | the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape. (concept-- Carl Sauer, 1927, UC Berkley.)
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| sequent occupance | Refers to the idea that as occupiers arrive they bring their own technoloy and cultural traditions & transform the landscape, but they can also be influenced by what they find when they arrive & leave some of it there. (concept- Derwent Whittlesey, 1929)
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| Cartography | the study of maps/ map making.
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| reference maps | show locations of palces and geographic features.
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| thematic maps | tell storeis, usually showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon.
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| absolute location | latitude/longitude, coordinates, an exact location.
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| global positioning system (GPS) | allows us to locate things on the surgace of the earth with extraordinary accuracy; researchers can collect data quickly and easily in the field.
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| mental maps | the maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have merely heard of. (ex. a mental map of your house, park, school, church, publix, etc.)
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| remote sensing | geographers moniter the Earth's surface form a distance to understand the scope and rate of environemtnal change over short and long periods of time by satellites and aircraft (airplanes, balloons.)
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| Geographic information systems (GIS) | geographers use this advancement in computer technology and data storage to compare a variety of spatial data by combining layers of spatial data in a computerized environment, creating maps in which patterns and processes are superimposed.
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| formal region | a physical criteria of an area and can also be defined by cultural traits (the people share one or more cultural traits -- food, belief systems, dress, dances, hair styles, languages etc.)
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| functional region | the product of interactions of movement of various kinds. (Ex. a city, has a surrounding region within which workers commute, either ot the downtown area to to subsidiary centers such as office parks and shopping malls -- that entire urban area.)
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| perceptual regions | intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography. (Zelinsky's article "North America's Vernacular Regions")
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| culture | Refers to music, literature, an the arts of a society, and all other features of its way of life: dress, routine living habits, food, architecture, education, government, law, even agricultural practices. (closely associated with Anthropology.)
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| cultural trait | a single attribute or characteristic of a culture. (ex. wearing a turban)
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| culture complex | more than one culture may exhibit a culture trait, but each will consiste of a discrete combination of traits... (ex. herding cattle -- but it's used in different ways by different cultures. Maasai, E. Africa)
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| cultural hearth | an area where cultural traits develop (originate) and from which the cultural traits diffuse.
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| culture diffusion | Process where something spreads -- an idea or innovation from its hearth (source) to other places. (Carl Sauer - Agricultural Origins and Dispersals; Haegerstrand, 1970 brought in time and distance to the equation.)
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| expansion diffusion | an idea that develops in a hearth and ramins strong there while also spreading outward. Moves without people physically moving to become "knowers" of the trait or innovation.(Ex. Islam -- Arabian Peninsula to Egypt and N. Africa, SW Asia, and W. Africa)
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| relocation diffusion | The opposite of expansion diffusion where the actual movemnt of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation carry it to a new, sometimes distant locale, where they proceed to disseminate it. Usually occurs through migration.
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| contagious diffusion | A type of expansion diffusion. A form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals are affected. (a disease, a religion like Islam.)
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| hierarchical diffusion | Ex. a new fashion or genre of music may not spread throughout a contiguous populations -- often it's hierarchical. This diffusion is a pattern where the main channel of diffusion is some segment, level, or step of those who might adopt what is diffusing.
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| stimulous diffusion | (expan. diffuse) Some ideas to adopt are 2 vague, unattainable, or different yet these ideas have an impact & may indirectly promote local experimentation & eventual changes in ways of doing things. (ex. mass-production of food led to vegburgers in India)
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| environmental determinism | Environmental determinism is belief that behavior (individual & collective) is affected, controlled, or determined by physical environment people live in. (Aristotle Anc.Greece).
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| possibilism | Possibilism is that belief of the natural environment only limits choices available to a culture.
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| cultural ecology | an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to environment.
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| political ecology | an area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings.
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| density | the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
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| distribution | the arrangement of something across earth's surface
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| equator | the imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles
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| latitude | the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator (0 degrees)
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| longitude | the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distances east and west of the prime meridian (0 degrees)
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| Mercator projection | a type of map in which the true compass directions are kept intact (lines of latitude and longitude intersect at right angles) but areas are distorted
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| Prime Meridian | the meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England
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| projection | the system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map
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| Robinson projection | representation that reflects the spherical appearance of Earth, but like the Mercator projection, distortions occur
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| scale | generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface
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| site | the physical character of a place
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| situation | the location of a place relative to other places
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| toponym | the name given to a portion of Earth's surface
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| vernacular region | (perceptual region) an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
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