sleep for biological psychology
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| Activation-synthesis hypothesis | view that during dreams, various parts of the cortex are activated by the input arising from the pons plus whatever stimuli are present in the room, and the cortex synthesizes a story to make sense of all the activity
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| Alpha wave | rhythm of 8 to 12 brain waves per second, generally associated with relaxation
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| Basal forebrain | forebrain area anterior and dorsal to the hypothalamus; includes cell clusters that promote wakefulness and other cell clusters that promote sleep
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| Brain death | condition with no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus
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| Caffeine | drug present in coffee and other drinks that constricts blood vessels to the brain and prevents adenosine from inhibiting the release of dopamine and acetylcholine
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| Cataplexy | of muscle weakness while a person remains awake
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| Clinico-anatomical hypothesis | view that regards dreams as just thinking that takes place under unusual conditions
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| Coma | extended period of unconsciousness, with a steady low level of brain activity
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| Endogenous circadian rhythm | self-generated rhythm that lasts about a day
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| Endogenous circannual rhythm | self-generated rhythm that lasts about a year
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| Free-running rhythm | circadian or circannual rhythm that is not being periodically reset by light or other cues
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| Insomnia | lack of sleep, leaving the person feeling poorly rested the following day
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| Jet lag | disruption of biological rhythms caused by travel across time zones
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| K-complex | sharp, high-amplitude, negative wave followed by a smaller, slower, positive wave
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| Locus coeruleus | small hindbrain structure whose widespread axons send bursts of norepinephrine in response to meaningful stimuli
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| Melatonin | hormone that among other eff ects induces sleepiness
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| Minimally conscious state | condition of decreased brain activity with occasional, brief periods of purposeful actions and limited speech comprehension
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| Narcolepsy | condition characterized by unexpected periods of sleepiness during the day
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| Night terror | experience of intense anxiety during sleep from which a person awakens screaming in terror
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| Non-REM (NREM) sleep | sleep stages other than REM sleep
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| Orexin (hypocretin) | neurotransmitter that stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells and thereby increases wakefulness and arousal
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| Paradoxical sleep | sleep that is deep in some ways and light in others
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| Periodic limb movement disorder | repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes arms during sleep
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| PGO wave | pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials that occurs first in the pons, then in the lateral geniculate, and finally in the occipital cortex
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| Pineal gland | small unpaired gland in the brain, just posterior to the thalamus, that releases the hormone melatonin
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| Polysomnograph | combination of EEG and eyemovement records, and sometimes other data, for a sleeping person
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| Pontomesencephalon | part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal by axons that release acetylcholine and glutamate in the basal forebrain and thalamus
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| REM | See Rapid eye movement sleep
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| REM behavior disorder | condition in which people move around vigorously during REM sleep
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| Reticular formation | network of neurons in the medulla and other parts of the brainstem; the descending portion controls motor areas of the spinal cord; the ascending portion selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas
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| Sleep apnea | inability to breathe while sleeping
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| Sleep spindle | 12- to 14-Hz brain waves in bursts that last at least half a second
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| Slow-twitch fibers | muscle fibers that produce less vigorous contractions without fatiguing
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| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | area of the hypothalamus, located just above the optic chiasm, that constitutes the biological clock
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| Vegetative state | condition in which someone has decreased brain activity and alternates between wakefulness and sleep but shows only limited responsiveness, such as increased heart rate in response to a painful stimulus
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| Zeitgeber | stimulus that resets a biological clock
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