other senses for biological psychology
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| Across-fiber pattern principle | notion that each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of every stimulus in its system
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| Adaptation | decreased response to a stimulus as a result of recent exposure to it
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| Amplitude | intensity of a sound or other stimulus
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| Capsaicin | chemical that causes neurons containing substance P to release it suddenly and also directly stimulates pain receptors sensitive to moderate heat
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| Cochlea | structure in the inner ear containing auditory receptors
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| Conductive deafness (middle-ear deafness) | hearing loss that occurs if the bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea
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| Cross-adaptation | reduced response to one stimulus because of recent exposure to some other stimulus
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| Dermatome | area of skin connected to a particular spinal nerve
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| Endorphins | category of chemicals the body produces that stimulate the same receptors as do opiates
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| Frequency | number of sound waves per second
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| Frequency theory | concept that pitch perception depends on differences in frequency of action potentials by auditory neurons
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| Gate theory | assumption that stimulation of certain nonpain axons in the skin or in the brain can inhibit transmission of pain messages in the spinal cord
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| Hair cell | type of sensory receptor shaped like a hair; auditory receptors are hair cells
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| Labeled-line principle | concept that each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and has a direct line to the brain
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| Loudness | perception of the intensity of a sound
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| Nerve deafness (inner-ear deafness) | hearing loss that results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve
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| Nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) | area in the medulla that receives input from taste receptors
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| Olfaction | sense of smell
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| Olfactory cells | neurons responsible for the sense of smell, located on the olfactory epithelium in the rear of the nasal air passages
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| Opioid mechanisms | systems responsive to opiate drugs and similar chemicals
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| Oval window | membrane of the inner ear, adjacent to the stirrup
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| Pacinian corpuscle | receptor that responds to a sudden displacement of the skin or high-frequency vibration on the skin
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| Papilla (pl.: papillae) | structure on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds
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| Periaqueductal gray area | area of the brainstem that is rich in enkephalin synapses
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| Pheromone | chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of other members of the same species
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| Pinna | outer-ear structure of flesh and cartilage that sticks out from each side of the head
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| Pitch | experience that corresponds to the frequency of a sound
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| Place theory | concept that pitch perception depends on which part of the inner ear has cells with the greatest activity level
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| Placebo | drug or other procedure with no pharmacological effects
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| Primary auditory cortex (area A1) | area in the temporal lobes in which cells respond best to tones of a particular frequency
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| Semicircular canal | canal lined with hair cells and oriented in three planes, sensitive to the direction of tilt of the head
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| Somatosensory system | sensory network that monitors the surface of the body and its movements
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| Substance P | neurotransmitter released by nerves that are sensitive to pain
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| Supertasters | people with heightened sensitivity to taste
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| Synesthesia | experience of one sense in response to stimulation of another sense
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| Taste buds | structures on the tongue that contain taste receptors
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| Tinnitus | frequent or constant ringing in the ears
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| Tympanic membrane | eardrum
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| Volley principle | tenet that a sound wave of a moderately high pitch may produce a volley of impulses by various fibers even if no individual fiber can produce impulses in synchrony with the sound waves
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| Vomeronasal organ (VNO) | set of receptors located near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
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